Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The landmarks and important state-of-the-art work in biomedical telemetry are reviewed. The advantages provided by transmission of physiologic data from minimally restrained to completely unencumbered subjects with biomedical telemetry systems is discussed both from the standpoint of the wide variety of physiologic parameters and subjects that can be monitored and in terms of the various proven electronic techniques for implementing this mode of physiologic data transmission and recovery. Monitored parameter capabilities now include biopotentials (ECG, EMG, EEG), temperature, mechanical events (muscle force, limb motion), pH, pressure (ICP, blood pressure), and others. The system developments in biomedical telemetry have had the aims of minimizing size, weight, and volume while extending the operating capabilities of the systems in terms of minimum required power, multiplicity of data channels, and reliable operation in the intended operating environment. These developments have progressed from discrete transistor to integrated microcircuit implementations in systems which can encode the physiologic data as FM, PAM, PWM, or PCM. Biotelemeters can be utilized as external (backpack) or completely implantable devices and today may be found in the research laboratory, the intensive care unit, portable patient care units, and in the freely ranging animal in the field usually employing a radio link. Also discussed are considerations for power sources and power source recharging through the tissues of implanted subjects. There are advantages and disadvantages to using biomedical telemetry, to using implanted or external biotelemeters, and to each of the various encoding techniques. These are considered, and the future of biomedical telemetry is projected.
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PMID:Biomedical telemetry techniques. 704 72

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known to possess several mechanisms whereby it can evade the normal host immune defences. In this study the expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10, was monitored following infection of a murine keratinocyte cell line (PAM-212) and compared with the expression of two proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1 alpha and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The PAM-212 cells were infected at a multiplicity of 0.5 with a clinical isolate of HSV type 1, and the mRNA of the three cytokines was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) over the following 24 hr. By 12 hr postinfection the amount of IL-10 mRNA had increased significantly to five-fold greater than that found in uninfected cells (P < 0.01), and this elevated level was maintained until at least 24 hr postinfection. In contrast, IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha mRNAs were not significantly up-regulated by the HSV infection. Immunostaining with an IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) revealed that cytoplasmic IL-10 protein had increased by 6-12 hr postinfection. This quantity was further increased at 24 hr postinfection, when the viral cytopathic effect was apparent. Viral replication was necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for IL-10 induction. Experiments with HSV mutants lacking functional transactivating factors suggested that the viral transactivating proteins ICP-0 and VP-16 may be necessary for HSV-induced IL-10 expression. Thus, the up-regulation in the expression of IL-10 mRNA and protein induced by HSV early in the infection of keratinocytes represents a specific response and may be part of the viral strategy to avoid local immune defence mechanisms in the skin.
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PMID:Infection of murine keratinocytes with herpes simplex virus type 1 induces the expression of interleukin-10, but not interleukin-1 alpha or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 1189 34

Some experiments to study the influence of electrophoresis conditions and subsequent LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) determination of two metal-binding proteins with different metal-protein affinities (superoxide dismutase, containing Cu and Zn, and alcohol dehydrogenase, containing Zn) are performed. In metal-binding proteins with weak metal-protein affinities, metal losses can happen during electrophoretic separation. It has been demonstrated that the detection of these metals bound to the proteins depends, not only on the nature of the electrophoretic process (naturing or non-denaturing) and post-separation gel treatment, but also on the trailing ion chosen and current applied in the electrophoretic method used. Non-denaturing methods are preferred to denaturing ones in the case of alcohol dehydrogenase being BN-PAGE (Blue Native-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) with the use of Tricine as trailing ion the most recommended method. The concentration obtained for Zn in ADH applying BN-PAGE-LA-ICP-MS was 2.6+/-0.30 mg g(-1) very close to the one obtained for ADH solution by ICP-MS (3+/-0.23 mg g(1)). For superoxide dismutase either denaturing or non-denaturing electrophoresis conditions can be used, but a denaturing method based on the use of Tricine as trailing ion is recommended to preserve metals-protein binding when the use of non-denaturing conditions must be avoided. The found concentration for Cu and Zn in SOD after applying SDS-Tris-Tricine-PAGE-LA-ICP-MS was 2.5+/-0.33 and 2.4+/-0.37 mg g(-1) respectively, more or less close (especially for Cu) to the one obtained in SOD solution by ICP-MS (3+/-0.21 and 3.7+/-0.32 mg g(-1) for Cu and Zn). We observe that as higher current is applied the possibility of metal-protein binding losses is higher. In all cases staining of the gel prior to LA-ICP-MS is not recommended.
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PMID:Metal-protein binding losses in proteomic studies by PAGE-LA-ICP-MS. 2018 15