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Coal as well as fuel oil combustion generates emissions of potentially toxic trace pollutants including organic and inorganic chemical compounds besides major pollutants. A study on As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn emissions from a 220 MW coal-fired power plant equipped with a electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and 6 MW oil fired-power plant was carried out, using stack monitoring kit, Envirotech APM 620, which is similar to EPA Method 29. Simultaneous sampling of coal, fuel oil, oil waste, bottom ash, fly ash, flue gases, and particles associated with the gas phase has been performed. This sampling method was used for trace metal sampling. The content of all these metals in coal, oil, oil waste, bottom ash, fly ash have been determined by XRF, whereas their contents in the flue gases, and particles associated with the gas phase has been analyzed with ICP-AES. The mass balances obtained for trace elements were satisfactory in case of fuel oil based power plant, whereas in case of coal fired power plant, the mass balance for all the trace elements were below 50% except for the As, Se, and Hg. The enrichment factors for all trace metals was <1 in both cases. The above sampling method is moderately adequate method for trace element sampling in coal as well as oil fired power plants except for Hg. The results indicate that trace metals emissions were higher in coal-based power plant than the fuel oil-fired power plant.
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PMID:Evaluation of the emission characteristics of trace metals from coal and fuel oil fired power plants and their fate during combustion. 1591 50

APM was collected and trace elements existing in the particles were monitored since May 1995 in this study. APM sample was collected separately by size (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm) on the roof of the university building (45 m above ground) in the campus of Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, using an Anderson low volume air sampler. The collected sample was digested by HNO3, H2O2 and HF using a microwave oven, and major elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe) were measured by ICP-AES, and trace elements (Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) were measured by ICP-MS. It was observed that the APM concentration was higher between the winter and the spring, compared to during the summer. The enrichment factor was calculated for each element in each set of APM (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm). Seasonal trends of enrichment factors were examined, and the elements were classified into 3 groups according to the common seasonal behavior. It is likely that the elements in the same group have common origins. Toxic pollutant elements (Sb, Se, Cd, Pb and As) were found in small particles with d of <2 microm in concentrated levels. Antimony (Sb) had the highest enrichment factor, and the results suggested that Sb level in APM was extremely high. The origins of Sb were sought, and wastes from plastic incineration and brake pad wears of automobiles were suspected. Each set of APM (d < 2 microm, 2-11 microm and >11 microm) was classified by the shape, and the shape-dependent constituents of a single APM particle were quantitatively measured by SEM-EDX. High concentration of Sb was found in APM <2 microm and square particles. Particles less than 2 microm and square shaped particles were major particles produced by actual car braking experiments. From these experimental results it was concluded that the source of Sb in squared APM <2 microm is considered to be from brake pad wear.
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PMID:Concentrations, enrichment and predominant sources of Sb and other trace elements in size classified airborne particulate matter collected in Tokyo from 1995 to 2004. 1630 66