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Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of major and trace element concentrations in scalp hair samples from a population group (N = 1091) of Rio de Janeiro city. From these results, preliminary 'normal' or reference intervals were calculated which are for several trace elements (e.g. B, V, Co, Ge, Mo, Au, As, Se, Sb, Th), but also for some minor elements (e.g. Ca, Mg) in disaccord with data published by five clinical laboratories which used inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The limitations of ICP-AES in routine hair analysis is shown by comparison of detection limits for both methods and by results from two laboratory intercomparison exercises. It is evident from these data that published reference intervals have to be used with extreme caution and that their urgent revision, based on reliable data produced by the ICP-MS technique, is of extreme importance.
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PMID:How reliable are human hair reference intervals for trace elements? 971 41

An on-site, field-portable analytical method for the determination of lead in workplace air samples, based on the use of ultrasonic extraction and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), was evaluated. Workplace air samples were obtained using a standard method involving particulate collection onto mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Samples were collected at work sites where airborne particulates were generated from the abrasive blasting of lead-containing paint on highway bridges. Ultrasonic extraction (UE) of air filter samples in diluted nitric acid, followed by portable ASV, was used for the determination of lead. Also, performance evaluation samples consisting of reference materials of known lead concentration were subjected to the UE-ASV procedure for lead determination. Confirmatory analyses of the air filters and performance evaluation samples subjected to the UE-ASV lead measurement method were conducted by hotplate digestion in concentrated nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide, followed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) determination of lead. Recoveries of lead from performance evaluation materials (when using the UE-ASV method) were found to be quantitative. The performance of the UE-ASV method for lead in air filters was found to be acceptable, as evaluated by comparison with results from hotplate strong acid digestion followed by ICP-AES analysis. Based on the results of this study, the ultrasonic extraction/portable ASV procedure demonstrates potential for the on-site determination of lead in personal breathing zone and area air samples.
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PMID:Ultrasonic extraction and field-portable anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of lead in workplace air samples. 979 65

The alloys used in orthodontics are subject in the moist environment of the oral cavity to various corrosion processes. If the products of the corrosion are introduced into a biological system they may cause changes. In the present investigation the corrosion rate of 23 different orthodontic wires (preformed arch wires and straight wires) made from 5 different alloys were examined in a nutrient medium by ICP-AES analysis, and the influence of the corrosion products on the cytotoxicity of a fibroblast culture was investigated using Mosmann's MTT test. The nickel-titanium wires Nitinol, Sentalloy and Original Chinese Wire and the beta-titanium alloy TMA had no effect on the rate of cell proliferation. Nor did stainless steel wires inhibit growth significantly, with the exception of Australian Wire and Wildcat Wire. The manganese-steel alloys Noninium h and Mezanium caused significant reductions in growth rate, which were attributed to the manganese ions released by the corrosion. The most severe growth inhibition was caused by the Co-Cr-Ni alloy Elgiloy, and this reaction is independent of the 4 levels of resilience. The degree of growth inhibition depended upon the concentration of corrosive cobalt and nickel ions in the eluate. In spite of the differences observed, all the orthodontic wires examined are graded under ISO-standard 10993-5 as "non-cytotoxic". The degree of toxicity was found to be determined essentially by the corrosion rate of the alloy and the cytotoxic characteristics of the resulting trace elements.
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PMID:In vitro investigation into the biological assessment of orthodontic wires. 980 Apr 40

A quality-controlled hydrogeochemical dataset of 1604 groundwater samples from Norwegian crystalline bedrock aquifers has been obtained and subject to analyses of radon (scintillation counting), major and minor elements (ion chromatography and ICP-AES), pH and alkalinity. Cumulative probability curves may be constructed to assess the risk of given parameters violating drinking water norms. Parameters such as radon and fluoride show clear lithological correlation, occurring at high concentrations in granites and low concentrations in anorthosites. Other parameters exhibit a lower degree of correlation with aquifer geochemistry (e.g. pH, major ions) and are likely to be governed by more universal thermodynamic equilibria (the calcium carbonate system) and kinetic factors. On a national basis 13.9% of the bedrock groundwaters exceed the recommended action level for radon, while 16.1% exceed the drinking water norm for fluoride. Considering pH, sodium, radon and fluoride together, 29.9% of all wells violate drinking water maximum concentrations for one or more of these parameters.
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PMID:The chemistry of Norwegian groundwaters: I. The distribution of radon, major and minor elements in 1604 crystalline bedrock groundwaters. 984 53

A chromatographic method involving ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) detection has been successfully applied for the study of strontium-protein complexes. The chromatographic step involves the use of gel filtration-a large-zone Hummel and Dreyer method-which allows to dissociate the bound metallic ions and the free ones. This step is followed by an ICP-AES analysis of fractions collected throughout the chromatographic experiment: the concentration of ionic metallic species in solution can therefore be calculated. Two proteins have been tested: bovine serum albumin, which showed only weak interactions with Sr2+ ions, and bovine alpha-lactalbumin: this protein, well-known for its calcium binding capacity, proved to interact strongly with strontium. The influence of various parameters on the formation of strontium-lactalbumin complexes were determined, namely temperature, pH. Competition experiments between Sr2+ ions and, respectively Na+ and Ca2+ ions were also performed, by varying ionic strength of the medium, and by using both apo and native forms of bovine alpha-lactalbumin.
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PMID:A study of strontium binding to albumins, by a chromatographic method involving atomic emission spectrometric detection. 1007 71

Methods for analyzing for silicon and silicone in biological matrixes were developed. A silicone-specific technique involved microwave digestion of samples in acid solution to rapidly break down the biological matrix while hydrolyzing silicones to monomeric species. The resulting monomeric silanol species were then capped with trimethylsilyl groups, extracted into hexamethyldisiloxane, and analyzed by gas chromatography. In serum, positive identification of silicone species with detection limits below 0.5 microgram of Si/mL are possible with this technique. The technique is compared with a silicone-specific technique, 29Si NMR, and a non-silicone-specific technique, ICP-AES. 29Si NMR was far less sensitive, with a detection limit of only 64 micrograms of Si/mL in serum when analyzing for one compound with a single sharp resonance. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) has potentially lower detection limits, but the technique is not silicone-specific and suffers from species-dependent responses.
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PMID:Methods for detecting silicones in biological matrixes. 1045 Jan 54

To elucidate the element content of newborn blood vessels, umbilical arteries and veins in human umbilical cords, which had the advantage of easy sampling, were examined by ICP-AES. Umbilical cords were removed after birth. Mothers' ages ranged from 26 to 35 yr. It was found that the content of sulfur was the highest in both umbilical arteries and veins, being higher than the content of calcium and phosphorus. With respect of the content of sulfur, calcium, and magnesium, there were significant differences between the arteries and veins.
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PMID:Element content of human umbilical artery and vein in umbilical cord. 1046 60

A modified concentric nebulizer was used as the interface to couple capillary electrophoresis (CE) to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The CE capillary replaces the central tube of the concentric nebulizer. The tip of the nebulizer tapers slowly to allow uncertainty in the position of the capillary. A platinum wire was inserted into the CE capillary to provide electrical connection to the CE power supply. pH changes inside the capillary due to electrolysis of the background buffer electrolyte was small and has minimal effects on the CE separation. The peak broadening effects due to the nebulizing gas flow, however, were significant. Resolution decreases quickly when the flow-rate of the carrier gas increases. Sample stacking technique was used to improve the resolution of species of opposite charge, e.g., Cr(VI) vs. Cr(III) ions. Detection limit of Cr based on peak area is approximately 10 ppb for the CE-ICP-AES system.
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PMID:Interface for capillary electrophoresis coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. 1048 20

Recent spectroscopic work has suggested that only one surface species of sulfate is dominant on hematite. Sulfate is therefore a very suitable anion to test and develop adsorption models for variable charge minerals. We have studied sulfate adsorption on goethite covering a large range of sulfate concentrations, surface coverages, pH values, and electrolyte concentrations. Four different techniques were used to cover the entire range of conditions. For characterization at low sulfate concentrations, below the detection limit of sulfate with ICP-AES, we used proton-sulfate titrations at constant pH. Adsorption isotherms were studied for the intermediate sulfate concentration range. Acid-base titrations in sodium sulfate and electromobility were used for high sulfate concentrations. All the data can be modeled with one adsorbed species if it is assumed that the charge of adsorbed sulfate is spatially distributed in the interface. The charge distribution of sulfate follows directly from modeling the proton-sulfate adsorption stoichiometry since this stoichiometry is independent of the intrinsic affinity constant of sulfate. The charge distribution can be related to the structure of the surface complex by use of the Pauling bond valence concept and is in accordance with the microscopic structure found by spectroscopy. The intrinsic affinity constant follows from the other measurements. Modeling of the proton-ion stoichiometry with the commonly used 2-pK models, where adsorbed ions are treated as point charges, is possible only if at least two surface species for sulfate are used. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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PMID:Sulfate Adsorption on Goethite. 1050 84

The objective of this study was to show whether analysed nutrient data correlate with calculated values from a food database. For this purpose the calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc contents of 62 menu components from lunch menus were determined with ICP-AES. Then the analysed values were compared with calculated values from a widely used food database. Our results indicated that there is a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the analysed and calculated values of all four elements. The correlation coefficient as determined with nonparametric correlation analysis was 0.807 for calcium, 0.786 for magnesium, 0.772 for zinc, and 0.414 for copper. Although these correlations are significant, great differences between analysed and calculated values for all four elements could be found when considering single menu components. Therefore data of studies illustrating analysed with calculated values of single menu components have practical importance.
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PMID:Calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc content of menu components: comparison of analysed with calculated values. 1055 97


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