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Water samples were collected from 384 waterworks that supply 70.9% of the Norwegian population. The samples were collected after water treatment and were analysed for 30 constituents. Although most constituents show wide concentration ranges, Norwegian drinking water is generally soft. The median values obtained are: 0.88 mg Si l-1, 0.06 mg Al l-1, 47 micrograms Fe l-1, 0.69 mg Mg l-1, 2.9 mg Ca l-1, 3.8 mg Na l-1, 6 micrograms Mn l-1, 12 micrograms Cu l-1, 14 micrograms Zn l-1, 9 micrograms Ba l-1, 15 micrograms Sr l-1, 0.14 mg K l-1, 58 micrograms F- l-1, 6.4 mg Cl- l-1, 11 micrograms Br- l-1, 0.46 mg NO3- l-1, 5.3 mg SO4(2-) l-1, 2.4 mg TOC l-1, 6.8 (pH), 5) microseconds cm-1 (conductivity) and 11 mg Pt l-1 (colour). Titanium, Pb, Ni, Co, V, Mo, Cd, Be and Li were seldom or never quantified, due to insufficient sensitivity of the ICP (inductively coupled plasma) method. Norwegian quality criteria, which exist for 17 of the constituents examined, are generally fulfilled, indicating that the chemical quality of drinking water, by and large, is good in Norway. For Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, pH, TOC and colour, however, the norms for good drinking water are exceeded in more than 9% of the samples, reflecting two of the major problems associated with Norwegian drinking water supplies: (i) many water sources contain high concentrations of humic substances; (ii) in large parts of the country, the waters are soft and acidic, and therefore corrosive towards pipes, plumbing and other installations. Most constituents show marked regional distribution patterns, which are discussed in the light of different mechanisms contributing to the chemical composition of drinking water, namely: chemical weathering of mineral matter; atmospheric supply of salt particles from the sea; anthropogenic pollution (including acid precipitation); corrosion of water pipes and plumbing; water treatment; decomposition of organic matter; and hydrological differences.
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PMID:A nation-wide survey of the chemical composition of drinking water in Norway. 203 65

As part of the program of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB), precipitation is sampled on a weekly basis from eight sites in different ecosystems throughout Germany. The samples are analyzed for Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO4(2-) using ion chromatography with conductometrie detection Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Tl are determined by ICP-MS. In addition, pH and conductivity of the samples are measured. In this paper, the weekly and annual deposition in 1994 is compared for the different sampling sites and with literature data.
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PMID:Wet deposition in Germany: long-term trends and the contribution of heavy metals. 915 15

Two cultivation experiments were carried out in order to answer the question to what extent platinum can enter the food chain by accumulation in plants, when the platinum is present in a bio-available form: (i) cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions containing [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 (from 0.5 to 50 micrograms Pt/l solution); and (ii) a water-soluble platinum compound--[Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2--was added in increasing amounts to a sandy loam soil (from 0.5 to 50 mg Pt/kg soil) and rye grass (Lolium perenne) was grown on it. The roots on the one hand and the green plant fractions in the other hand of the cucumber plants and the rye grass were digested using a high-pressure asher. The platinum concentration was determined by means of a quadrupole-based (VG PQ I) or a double focusing sector field ICP-mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT, Element), depending on the platinum concentration in the sample solution. The detection limit for platinum obtained with the VG PQ I was observed to be 6 ng/1, while with the 'Element' the detection limit could be improved to 0.5 ng/1 Pt. Accumulation factors were calculated as the ratio of the platinum concentration in the plant to that in the soil or the nutrient solution. The grass grown on spiked soil accumulated platinum only to a slight degree (accumulation factors between 0.008 and 0.032). The hydroponically grown cucumber plants, however, strongly accumulated it (accumulation factors of 11-42 in the shoot and 1700-2100 in the roots). There are three possible causes for the large differences in the accumulation factors: (i) Cucumber plants are dicotyledons; grass, however, is a monocotyledon. Other cultivation experiments already showed that dicotyledons accumulate metals to a higher extent than monocotyledons. (ii) In the grass cultivation experiment, the platinum compound was only added once to the sandy loam soil, namely 2 days before grass was cultivated on it. The nutrient solutions of the cucumber plants were changed twice a week. Consequently, the total amount of platinum that the plants were exposed to during the cultivation of the cucumber plants was higher than during the cultivation of the grass. (iii) Immobilization of the platinum compound in the soil most likely occurred.
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PMID:Determination of the uptake of [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2 by grass cultivated on a sandy loam soil and by cucumber plants, grown hydroponically. 975 90

The direct determination of trace impurities in Al2O3 ceramic basic powders by ICP-MS using electrothermal evaporation (ETV) with slurry sampling has been investigated. To increase interference-free analyte volatilization, the use of the palladium-group modifiers (PGM) IrCl3, Pd(NO3)2, and PdCl2 for the determination of Ca, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and V in Al2O3 powders was studied. Their role, which in ETV-ICP-MS and ETV-ICP-OES is to stabilize the investigated analyte during the ashing phase, to increase vaporization of the matrix, and to reduce transport losses was investigated. Optimum analysis results were obtained with PdCl2 modifier when 500 ng Pd was used for a sample weight of 100 microg Al2O3 injected into the ETV. Calibration was performed by standard addition with aqueous solutions of the analytes. The RSDs calculated from triplicate analysis ranged form 5 to 10%. Detection limits between 0.07 microg g(-1) (Ga) and 1.1 microg g(-1) (Na) were achieved. The accuracy was proven for the elements Ca, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and V by analyzing an NIST standard reference Al2O3 material (SRM 699) with a middle grain size of 16.4 microm. The analytical method was used for the analysis of Al2O3 powder (AKP 30, Sumitomo, Japan) with impurities in the low microg g(-1) range and a middle grain size of 1.1 microm. The results obtained for the elements Ca, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and V were comparable with those obtained by ICP-MS subsequent to conventional decomposition with hydrochloric acid at high pressure.
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PMID:Investigations on the use of chemical modifiers for the direct determination of trace impurities in Al2O3 ceramic powders by slurry electrothermal evaporation coupled with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS). 1149 80

A controlled environment system, termed the Phyto-Nutri-Tron (PNT), has been established to study whole plant ecophysiological responses to multiple environmental factors. The PNT is a computer-controlled highly flexible growth facility with independent control of the shoot and the root environment. The facility consists of two growth cabinets each containing four separate hydroponic growth systems. The growth cabinets can be used as assimilation chambers with individual control of temperature, humidity, light, CO2 and monitoring of O2. The hydroponic growth systems are connected to nutrient supply units with disinfection systems and individual control of temperature, pH and oxygen. The ionic composition of the solutions has automated feedback control through a PO4 autoanalyzer and a flow injection analyzer which also analyzes NH4+, NO2- and NO3-. Other ions are automatically monitored by ICP-AES. The system has automated calibration procedures of the analytical equipment and prolonged studies of plant growth can be performed under constant environmental conditions. This paper describes the design and construction of the PNT, the results of a number of tests showing the degree of control of environmental factors and the results of a comparative study on NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics by Juncus effusus conducted in the PNT demonstrate the use of the PNT in ecophysiological studies.
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PMID:Design and performance of the Phyto-Nutri-Tron: a system for controlling the root and shoot environment for whole-plant ecophysiological studies. 1154 49

Silica-immobilized palladium catalysts are readily prepared by treating partially dehydroxylated silica with solutions of the palladium(II) complexes, cis-[PdMeXL2] (X = Me, L2 = dmpe; X = Cl, L2 = dmpe, dppe, phen, bipy, 2PMe3), trans-[PdMeXL2] (X = Cl, NO3, OTf, L = PMe3; X = Cl, L = PPh3), or [PdPh(OH)L]2 (L = PPh3, PCy3), at room temperature. A chemisorption reaction is presumed to occur on the surface Si-OH groups, with elimination of 1 equiv of methane, benzene, or water and the initial formation of a covalent Pd-O bond to the silica surface. The amount of chemisorbed material is strongly dependent on the nature of the complex employed, and the Pd content of the materials, determined by ICP analysis, was found to vary widely (from 1.47 to 0.021 wt %). It appears that the complexes stabilized by more basic ligands undergo a more facile reaction with the surface. The catalytic activity of the materials was first tested in the cyclization of 6-aminohex-1-yne. Higher conversions were found for those catalysts containing more basic ligands, due to the higher loadings, and for those complexes containing more weakly coordinating anions. Silica/trans-[PdMe(NO3)(PMe3)2] was identified as the best catalyst and was used to test the generality of the catalytic cyclization method with two other alkynes, namely, 5-phenyl-4-pentyn-1-amine and 6-phenyl-5-hexyn-1-amine. The catalysts prepared here show rates comparable to, or greater than, those found for homogeneous late transition metal complexes, including their molecular precursors. Furthermore, the supported catalysts are only slightly air-sensitive and can be recycled, after filtration in air, with only moderate loss of activity.
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PMID:Preparation of new catalysts by the immobilization of palladium(II) species onto silica: an investigation of their catalytic activity for the cyclization of aminoalkynes. 1167 83

In this paper, the decomposition method of sulfur and the determination of trace arsenic in sulfur by GFAAS with La(NO3)3-Ni(NO3)2 matrix modifier were studied in detail. The decomposition of sulfur with mixed acid HNO3-HClO4 by controlled temperature electrothermal method or pressure crucible method was efficient and safe. The sensitivity of the determination of arsenic with La(NO3)3-Ni(NO3)2 matrix modifier was higher than with Ni(NO3)2 or Mg(NO3)2 matrix modifiers. The detection limit was 0.034 microgram.mL-1 (k = 3). The analytical results of the sulfur samples were coincident with the results of determination by HG-ICP-AES. The adding recoveries were 97.5%-110% and the relative standard deviation was less than or equal to 2.1% (n = 4).
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PMID:[Determination of trace arsenic in sulfur by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with La(NO3)3-Ni(NO3)2 matrix modifier]. 1294 52

New column leaching experiments were designed and used as an alternative rapid screening approach to element mobility assessment. In these experiments, field-moist material was treated with an extracting solution to assess the effects of acidification on element mobility in mine tailings. The main advantage of this version of column leaching experiments with partitioned segments is that they give quick information on current element mobility in conditions closely simulating field conditions to compare with common unrepresentative air-dried, sieved samples used for column leaching experiments. Layers from the tailings dump material were sampled and packed into columns. The design of columns allows extracting leachates from each layer. The extracting solutions used were natural (pH 6.8) and acidified (pH 4.2) rainwater. Metals and anions were determined in the leachates. The concentrations of metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu) in sample leachates were determined using ICP OES. The most important anions (NO3-, Cl-, and SO4(2)-) were determined using the closed system izotacophoresis ITP analyser. The chemical analytical data from tailings leaching and physico-chemical data from field measurements (including pH, conductivity, redox potential, temperature) were used for chemometric evaluation of element mobility. Principal factor analysis (PFA) was used to evaluate ions mobility from different layers of tailings dump arising from varied pH and redox conditions. It was found that the results from the partitioned column leaching illustrate much better complex processes of metals mobility from tailings dump than the total column. The chemometric data analysis (PFA) proofed the differences in the various layers leachability that are arising from physico-chemical processes due to chemical composition of tailings dump deposit.
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PMID:Ion mobility based on column leaching of South African gold tailings dam with chemometric evaluation. 1510 78

By using ICP-MS method, this paper determined the accumulation of La in mice liver after the mice being fed with La(NO3)3 water solution for thirty days, and through in vitro experiment, studied the effect of La(NO3)3 on the micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells and the cleavage action of La(NO3)3 on genome DNA to investigate the genetic toxicity of La. The results showed that when the treated concentration was 1000, 500, 300 and 50 microg x ml(-1), the amount of La in mice liver reached 1.46, 0.558, 0.529 and 0.083 microg x g(-1), respectively. Compared with control, the La amount in disposed groups' mice livers increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water (r = 0.980). T-test results showed that there existed significant differences in 1000, 500 and 300 microg x ml(-1) disposed groups when compared with the control (P < 0.05). The micronucleus rate of mice bone marrow cells increased with increasing La(NO3)3 concentration in water (r = 0.853). The in vitro experiments showed that La(NO3)3 could make DNA cleaved. It could be concluded that that La might be accumulated in organisms, and could induce the damage of genetic material in cells.
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PMID:[Accumulation of La(NO3)3 in mice liver and its genetic toxicity]. 1585 73

Lead and arsenic contents in amylum were determined by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) method with the addition of Ni(NO3)2 as the matrix modifier. Detailed discussion was conducted about the impact of factors such as ashing and automation temperature, ashing method of samples, and matrix modifier on the experimental results. The experimental results showed that ICP-AES method is easy, rapid and exact, its return character is good, and it can be used in the inspection of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic in amylum.
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PMID:[Determination of lead and arsenic contents in amylum by ICP-AES methodology]. 1683 Jul 79


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