Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0267964 (PAA)
 2,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A method is described wherein blood samples taken from adults or newborns and dried on filter paper can be used for hemoglobin analysis within 2 years after sampling. The samples are eluted in 8 M urea in the presence of 5% 2-mercaptoethanol and 2% of the neutral detergent Nonidet P-40. Then the individual alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon chains are separated by means of electrofocusing in 8 M urea-PAA gels. Up to 96 samples can be applied to a gel using multiple syringes. Several hundred samples can be analyzed daily by one person. This method may be especially useful for preventive programs against sickle cell anemia as well as for human mutation monitoring systems.
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PMID:Improved screening test for abnormal hemoglobins from dried blood samples. 53 5

The substrate that was split most rapidly by acid phosphatase was p-nitrophenylphosphate. Two peaks of activity were obtained at pH 4.6-4.8 and 5.1-5.4. The enzyme remained stable for a long time when refrigerated. It was inhibited strongly by urea and tartrate, and slightly by fluoride and L-phenylalanine. Mercaptoethanol elicited pronounced activation of the enzyme. Four different forms of isoenzyme, giving rise to 11 phenotypes, were identified. A suitable analytical technique was electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel with phosphate-citrate buffer. Mean activity was 3.15 +/- 0.41 units per gramme of haemoglobin haemolysate. Some of the isoenzyme preparations showed considerable variation in activity. There was no change in enzyme activity after temporary hypomagnesaemia. Acid phosphatase activity was high in testis, kidney and intestinal mucosa; myocardium, liver and spleen showed moderate activity. Five isoenzymes were demonstrable in a starch column and six in PAA gel.
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PMID:[Properties and isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in erythrocytes and various tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, small intestine mucosa, testis, myocardial and skeletal musculature) of cattle]. 122 26

Using enzyme-linked immunoblot technique (ELIB), the antigenic protein components of water-soluble and urea-soluble antigens of Schistosoma japonicum eggs (JSEA, JEAU) and Paragonimus westermani adult worms (PAA, PAA-U) were analysed. The results showed that in both JSEA and JEA-U, 8 and 3 bands of polypeptides could be recognized by sera from patients with schistosomiasis japonica (Sj). In both PAA and PAA-U, there were 9 and 2 bands of polypeptides respectively, which could be recognized by sera from patients with pagumogonimiasis skrjabini (Ps). The components of 36/37kDa in PAA and 20/21 kDa in JSEA were identified to be shared antigenic fractions existing between the two species of trematodes, which gave positive reaction against patient's sera from both S.j. and P.s., while PAA-U caused the reaction only with sera from patients with acute schistosomiasis. PAA-U might be useful to avoid cross reaction in the majority of schistosomiasis patients in the fields.
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PMID:[Common antigenic components in soluble antigens shared by Schistosoma japonicum eggs and Paragonimus westermani adult worms]. 206 50

The nucleotide sequence of the two major Drosophila melanogaster tRNATyr isoacceptors was determined to be pC-C-U-U-C-G-A-U-A-m2G-C-U-C-A-G-D-D-G-G-acp3 U-A-G-A-G-C-m2(2)G-G-psi-G-G-A-C-U-G/Q-psi-A-m1G-A-Um-C-C-A-U-A-G-m7 G-D-C-G-C-U-G-G-U(T)-psi-C-A-m1A-A-U-C-C-G-G-C-U-C-G-A-A-G-G-A-A-C-C-AOH . The two isoacceptors differ by the presence of a G or a Q in the wobble position. Both contain a partial modification in position 54 (U/T). Thus, these tRNAs are transcribed from a single gene (or many genes with identical sequences). A fast and sensitive postlabeling method for sequencing tRNA anticodons is described. Nuclease S-1-treated tRNA is labeled with 5[32P]-pCp using T-4 RNA ligase. The tRNA fragments are then separated on 7 M urea/20% PAA gels. After autoradiography the RNA is eluted and digested with T-2 RNase. The nature of the labeled nucleotides is determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The same method can be used to determine the 5' sequence of a tRNA by 3' labeling 5' tRNA halves with 5[32P]-pCp and subsequent chemical sequencing.
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PMID:The nucleotide sequence of two homogeneic Drosophila melanogaster tRNATyr isoacceptors: application of a rapid tRNA anticodon sequencing method using S-1 nuclease. 301 Aug 77

The oral administration of a suspension of N-phenylanthranilic acid (N-PAA), over the range of 0.5 to 2 mmol/kg for 14 consecutive days, caused a dose-related renal papillary necrosis (RPN), which involved no more than 30% of the medullary apex. This area of necrosis was no greater following daily doses of 3 and 5 mmol/kg of N-PAA for 14 days, but cortical degenerative changes were induced. The area of the necrotic lesion was greater in the left kidneys of individual rats than in the right kidneys. The apex-limited histopathological changes associated with the administration of low doses of N-PAA were not reflected by altered electrolyte or water homeostasis and only high doses of N-PAA caused significant changes. Urinary volume was significantly increased (in animals treated with 5 mmol/kg), whereas urinary osmolality (greater than 2 mmol/kg N-PAA), and Na+ (5 mmol/kg), K+ (5 mmol/kg), and Cl- (5 mmol/kg) excretion was decreased compared to controls. Blood urea nitrogen was increased at doses greater than 3 mmol/kg in association with cortical degenerative changes. When untreated rats were dosed orally with NH4Cl (400 mg/kg) there was a lag period between 0 and 2 hr (when no changes in H+ excretion occurred), but the urinary pH was depressed in the 2- to 4-hr collection period. Only those rats treated with the highest dose of N-PAA (5 mmol/kg) showed a significantly impaired urinary acidification after NH4Cl loading. There was, however, a statistically significant dose-related decrease in the excretion of Cl- following NH4Cl dosing, provided urine was sampled between 0 and 2 hr. These data highlight the failure of the commonly used renal function tests (such as urinary volume, osmolality, and electrolyte excretion) to reflect apex-limited RPN, unless cortical degenerative changes were also present. The dose-related depression of Cl- excretion in the 0- to 2-hr period following oral NH4Cl loading, suggests that appropriately timed sampling of this urinary anion could offer an improved criterion for the diagnosis of RPN.
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PMID:The effect of N-phenylanthranilic acid-induced renal papillary necrosis on urinary acidification and renal electrolyte handling. 647 61

After reduction and splitting of disulfide linkages the fibrinmonomer and fibrin of 45 patients with histologically confirmed liver cirrhosis and 38 patients with chronic renal failure (serum creatinine greater than 5 mg%) were analysed by SDS-PAA electrophoresis. Furthermore the activity of factor XIII was measured immunologically. The results indicated no polymerization of alpha-chains of fibrin while gamma-dimers were formed regularly in 71% of patients with liver cirrhosis and in 45% of patients with chronic renal failure. In liver cirrhosis and in 45% of patients with chronic renal failure. In liver cirrhosis the lack of alpha-polymerization correlated to the severity of the disease and to the decrease of factor XIII activity (no alpha-polymers formed when below 80% of normal). In renal failure this correlation was not demonstrable since in all cases the activity of factor XIII was within the normal range. After the addition of C14-labelled urea to normal plasma during clotting an incorporation of this tracer could be demonstrated by scintiscanner diamins like urea, forming in the course of renal failure, probably serve as the "wrong substrate" for the transaminidase factor XIII.
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PMID:Structure of fibrin and fibrinmonomer in renal and hepatic failure. 739 32

No efficient, reliable, and scale independent disinfection methods for toilet waste are available today for safe recycling of plant nutrients. Therefore, two chemical treatment methods, addition of urea or of PAA (a quaternary mixture of 15% peracetic acid, 15% hydrogen peroxide and 30% acetic acid), were evaluated for disinfection of faecal matter.Degradation of the added urea resulted in 30 g of ammonia nitrogen per kilogram of treated matter and a pH increase to approximately 9.3. This produced an efficient disinfection of E. coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp. within 3 weeks (>6log(10) reduction) and a reduction of the chemical resistant Salmonella typhimurium 28b phage, corresponding to a decimal reduction within 7.5 days. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 50 days of treatment. No reduction of spore forming Clostridia spp. was observed. Urea treatment proved to be efficient for disinfection of source separated faecal matter in a scale independent method used for safe recycling of nutrients found in the faecal matter.PAA reduced all of the above indicator organisms within 12 h after application. For this faecal material, with a dry matter content of approximately 10%, an addition of 0.5-1% of PAA (active substance, corresponding to 3.3-6.7% of the Proxitane 15 used) was required before no viable organisms were found in the material. However, this was not tested for the A. suum. No viable spore-forming bacteria or phages were detected. A high rate of bacteria regrowth occurred at 0.15% dosage and 5 days of treatment. PAA is an efficient alternative for disinfection of separated faeces if a rapid treatment is needed.
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PMID:The potential for disinfection of separated faecal matter by urea and by peracetic acid for hygienic nutrient recycling. 1269 34

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was polymerized on both termini of Pluronic F87 copolymer using the atom transfer radical polymerization technique to produce a novel block copolymer, PAA-b-F87-b-PAA (F87PAA). The loading of a cationic anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), to F87PAA at different pH values was investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), laser light scattering techniques, and UV-vis spectroscopy. At pH of 4.3-7.1, the ITC profile exhibited a significant exothermic peak, which indicated that the drug loading is an enthalpically driven process. At a pH of 4.3, the enthalpy maximum was significantly reduced in the presence of 2 M urea, indicating the existence of hydrogen bonds between the DOX and F87PAA copolymer. At a pH of 7.1, the fraction of bound DOX was close to the stoichiometric proportion of 1:1 to the molar concentration of carboxyl groups in the copolymer, where the drug loading is governed by electrostatic and stacking interactions. The TEM image of the complex indicated the formation of large compound micelles induced by the binding of DOX to the PAA segments.
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PMID:Synthesis and aggregation behavior of pluronic F87/poly(acrylic acid) block copolymer in the presence of doxorubicin. 1726 98

Secondary structure formation in four novel hybrid poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(L-valine) (PAA-b-PLVAL) block copolymers, that is, PAA(40)-PLVAL(100), PAA(80)-PLVAL(100), PAA(80)-PLVAL(80), and PAA(80)-PLVAL(60), was investigated by circular dichroism. The formation of stable and well-defined beta-sheet structure in the PLVAL hydrophobic domains was observed for all the copolymers. At pH 5, PAA(80)-PLVAL(60) with the lowest PLVAL/PAA molar ratio possessed the lowest beta-sheet content of 12%, and it increased to 62% for PAA(40)-PLVAL(100) system. The beta-sheet formation in the block copolymers was controlled by both random PAA-PLVAL hydrogen bonds at low pH and electrostatic repulsive forces on the PAA segment at high pH; hence, the beta-sheet structure was most stable at intermediate pH. The length of PAA segments was critical in the beta-sheet solubilization and in providing sufficient shielding of the hydrophobic core from denaturing agents such as urea.
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PMID:Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(L-valine): evaluation of beta-sheet formation and its stability using circular dichroism technique. 1771 34

The phase behavior and thermodynamic of micellization of three hybrid poly(acrylic acid)- block-poly( l-valine), namely PAA 40-b-PLVAL 100, PAA 80-b-PLVAL 100, and PAA 80-b-PLVAL 80, were investigated. beta-sheet formation in these polymeric systems resulted in a dominant enthalpic micellization process that exhibited an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). Micelle dissociation at higher temperatures is attributed to the disruption of favorable hydrogen bonds in the micellar core. Separation of hydrogen bond contributions to the micellization thermodynamics through the addition of urea as an external denaturing agent, revealed a shift from a dominant enthalpic contribution of PLVAL segments at low degree of deprotonation (alpha), where significant beta-sheet is formed, to a balanced enthalpy and entropy contributions at high alpha. At high alpha, an enhanced "water cage" hydration of unimers was observed due to the formation of water-PLVAL hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic forces played an indirect role in enhancing the compactness of the hydrophobic core, which enhanced the strength of hydrogen bonds in the beta-sheet structures.
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PMID:Thermodynamics of micellization of beta-sheet forming poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(l-valine) hybrids. 1871 56


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