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Query: UMLS:C0267964 (PAA)
 2,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparisons were made of the copulatory behavior of randomly bred (one population: WRL) and inbred wild (five strains: PAA, ab, ac, ad, and PAE) male house mice. All inbred and randomly bred stocks were derived from a single foundation population. The inbred males tended to have shorter latencies to the first mount and intromission, longer latencies to ejaculation, and more preejaculatory mounts and thrusts than randomly bred males. All these effects parallel those observed in a previous study in which a wild population was compared with various domestic inbred strains. If inbreeding depression is related to adaptive significance, these data suggest that, although rapid initiation of copulation in a novel environment may not be adaptive, it may be adaptive for mice to ejaculate rapidly once copulation is initiated.
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PMID:Inbreeding and copulatory behavior in house mice: a further consideration. 49 96

During productive infections of cells with the gammaherpesvirus, herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), a polyadenylated RNA of 2.2-2.4 kb accumulates to form a large fraction of virus-specified RNA. This transcript is from the virus thymidylate synthase (TS) gene and its synthesis, like that of late mRNAs encoding the virus structural proteins, is sensitive to an inhibitor of virus DNA synthesis (phosphonoacetic acid, PAA). Transcription which is insensitive to PAA occurs from many parts of the HVS genome, including the EcoRI-D, EcoRI-E, EcoRI-I, and HindIII-G fragments. A 1.6-kb RNA from EcoRI-I/E and a 1.3-kb RNA from HindIII-G accumulate in HVS-infected cells incubated in the continuous presence of cycloheximide, and thus represent immediate-early (IE) class transcripts. The 1.3-kb message from HindIII-G is the predominant stable RNA under these conditions; accumulation of the 1.6-kb transcript from EcoRI-I/E (which encodes the previously characterized 52-kDa IE phosphoprotein) is markedly more dependent on the multiplicity of infection. The sequence of a 2.5-kbp region of the HindIII-G fragment has been determined and a single major open reading frame is present within the boundaries of the 1.3-kb IE RNA. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (IE-G) with current databases of protein sequences failed to demonstrate significant similarities with herpesvirus proteins, but did detect a significant similarity with a region of the protein specified by an open reading frame in the LTR of mouse mammary tumor virus. The function of the IE gene in HindIII-G and the basis for the distinctive multiplicity dependence of IE transcription from the 52-kDa gene remain to be established.
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PMID:Gene expression in cells infected with gammaherpesvirus saimiri: properties of transcripts from two immediate-early genes. 169 52

Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA, 1) was coupled with various acyclonucleosides, 2'-deoxyuridines, cytidines, and arabinosyluracils, with 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPS) or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCI) as condensing agents, to give a range of phosphonate esters. The carboxylic ester linkage of PAA to the 5'-position of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR, 3) was achieved via the mixed anhydride formed from (diethylphosphono)acetic acid and trifluoroacetic anhydride. Phosphonoformic acid (PFA, 2) was coupled with BUdR by using the DCCI method to give the phosphonate ester. Of these compounds only phosphonate esters in the 2'-deoxyuridine series showed significant activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. The BUdR-PAA derivative and the BUdR-PFA derivative were highly active, especially the latter, which was more active than the parent nucleoside BUdR against the type 2 virus. The active compounds may exert their effects by extracellular or intracellular hydrolysis to the corresponding antiviral agents, but an intrinsic component of antiviral activity may also be involved.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral activity of phosphonoacetic and phosphonoformic acid esters of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and related pyrimidine nucleosides and acyclonucleosides. 252 18

The DNA polymerase activity, and susceptibilities to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine(ara-A) and 1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine(ara-C) of a phosphonoacetic acid resistant mutant (PAA-R) of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) selected in the presence of PAA were examined. The DNA polymerase activity of PAA-R was inhibited less than that of the parent strain by PAA in vitro. PAA-R was resistant to acyclovir and also to both ara-A and ara-C. The susceptibilities to ara-A and ara-C of four acyclovir resistant mutants selected in the presence of acyclovir, and also resistant to PAA, were examined. Two variants were resistant, one was slightly resistant, and one was sensitive to both drugs. These cross-resistances and susceptibilities of VZV variants to PAA, ACV, ara-A and ara-C should be considered in chemotherapy of VZV infections.
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PMID:Susceptibilities of phosphonoacetic acid and acyclovir resistant varicella-zoster virus mutants to 9-beta-arabinofuranosyladenine and 1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine. 302 9

By comparative sequence analysis of the herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase gene of strain Angelotti and a phosphonoacetic acid-resistant (PAAr) derivative, the site of the PAAr mutation was identified as a single nucleotide (C----T) conversion within the mapping limits of the known PAAr mutations of strains KOS and 17. The conservative amino acid change at residue 719 from alanine to valine results in a radical change in the properties of the polymerase, rendering the mutant enzyme resistant to PAA and various antiviral compounds. Amino acid homologies as well as secondary structure analysis reveal that the PAAr mutation is contained in a 14 amino acid sequence which is highly conserved, and detected in the central domain of prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases.
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PMID:The herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase gene: site of phosphonoacetic acid resistance mutation in strain Angelotti is highly conserved. 303 42

Since the addition of either ruminal fluid or a combination of phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids (PAA/PPA) has previously been shown to dramatically improve cellulose degradation and growth of Ruminococcus albus, it was of interest to determine the effects of these additives on xylan-grown cultures. Although cell-bound xylanase activity increased when either PAA/PPA or ruminal fluid was added to the growth medium, total xylanase did not change, and neither of these supplements affected the growth or xylan-degrading capacity of R. albus 8. Similarly, neither PAA/PPA nor ruminal fluid affected xylan degradation by multiple strains of R. albus when xylan prepared from oat spelts was used as a carbohydrate source. These results show that the xylanolytic potential of R. albus is not conditional on the availability of PAA/PPA or other components of ruminal fluid.
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PMID:Phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids do not affect xylan degradation by Ruminococcus albus. 1460 63

In each of three experiments, in vitro-matured and -fertilised zygotes were cultured to Day 7 post insemination in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF). In Experiment 1, zygotes were cultured in groups in either SOF plus albumin (SOFA) or serum (SOFS) and then blastocysts were cultured individually for a further 24 h without a change of media. In Experiment 2, zygotes were cultured in groups using a 2 x 2 factorial design in SOFA or SOFS, with or without recombinant ovine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 5 ng mL(-1)). Blastocysts were then cultured individually using a split-plot design in SOFA or SOFS with or without GM-CSF. In Experiment 3, zygotes were cultured in SOFA in which GM-CSF was absent (A) or present (P) during Days 1-3, Days 3-5 or Days 5-7 of IVC in six combinations as follows: AAA, AAP, APP, PPP, PPA and PAA. Serum or GM-CSF increased secretion of interferon (IFN)-tau in Experiments 1 and 2 both between Days 5 and 7 of group culture and during individual culture. Secretion of IFN-tau during individual culture was determined by the medium in which embryos were group cultured and the effects of GM-CSF and serum were not additive. In Experiment 3, the presence of GM-CSF between Days 1 and 3 of culture was responsible for stimulation of secretion of IFN-tau between Days 5 and 7; IFN-tau secretion was detected as early as Day 3 post insemination.
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PMID:Effect of inclusion of serum and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on secretion of interferon-tau during the in vitro culture of ovine embryos. 1590 76

The Squalius alburnoides complex was produced by hybridization between female S. pyrenaicus (PP genome) and an hypothetical paternal ancestor related with Anaecypris hispanica (AA genome). This study examined a diversity of mating types and found that there is the potential for considerable gene exchange among diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids. Using microsatellites, genomes were attributed to Squalius pyrenaicus (P) or reconstituted "nuclear non-hybrid"S. alburnoides (A), and subsequently confirmed in hybrids. Recombination of AA genomes in the "nuclear non-hybrid males" and recombination of the homogametic genomes (AA or PP) after exclusion of the heterogametic genome in triploid females (PAA) were observed by analysing parents and progeny of breeding experiments. Reproduction of tetraploids, generating a symmetric tetraploid genotype (PPAA) in the progeny, suggests a process that could potentially lead to the formation of a new bisexual species. Present results also support: (i) previously hypothesized pathways, in which PPA S. alburnoides females exclude the A genome, exhibit meiotic recombination between the P genomes and generate haploid eggs; (ii) reconstitution of the diploid maternal ancestor genome (PP) as well as of the unknown paternal ancestor (AA); (iii) the occurrence of the same genomic reproductive mechanisms when Anaecypris hispanica is involved; and (iv) the existence of an A. hispanica-like ancestor as the paternal ancestor of S. alburnoides.
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PMID:Modes of reproduction of the hybridogenetic fish Squalius alburnoides in the Tejo and Guadiana rivers: an approach with microsatellites. 1698 92

The hydrothermal reaction of phosphonoacetic acid (H2PO3CH2C(O)OH, PAA) with UO3 and Cu(C2H3O2)2 .H2O results in the formation of the crystalline heterobimetallic uranium(VI)/copper(II) phosphonates UO2Cu(PO3CH2CO2)(OH)(H2O)2 ( UCuPAA-1), (UO2) 2Cu(PO3CH2CO2)2(H2O)3 (UCuPAA-2), and [H3O][(UO2) 2Cu2(PO3CH2CO2)3(H2O)2 ( UCuPAA-3). The addition of sodium hydroxide to the aforementioned reactions results in the formation of Na[UO2(PO3CH2CO2)].2H2O (NaUPAA-1). These compounds display 1D (UCuPAA-1), 2D (UCuPAA-2, NaUPAA-1), and 3D (UCuPAA-3) architectures wherein the phosphonate portion of the ligand primarily coordinates the uranium(VI) centers; whereas the carboxylate moiety preferentially, but not exclusively, binds to the copper(II) ions. Fluorescence measurements on all four compounds demonstrate that the presence of copper(II) mostly quenches the emission from the uranyl moieties.
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PMID:Use of bifunctional phosphonates for the preparation of heterobimetallic 5f-3d systems. 1849 66

We have studied expression of the catalytic subunit of a phosphonoacetic acid-resistant (PAA(r)) DNA polymerase (Pol) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain ANG by recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) engineered with the dominant Ecogpt selection system. In agreement with the vector construction recombinant Pol expression was regulated like a VV late function. De novo-synthesis of the 136-kDa Pol polypeptide was detectable as early as 6 h postinfection, peaked between 10 and 12 h, and correlated with specific polymerase activity. Compared with HSV-1 lytic infection, the recombinant Pol protein exhibited a reduced stability with a half-life of 7 h. Whereas the Pol-associated exonuclease activities, determined from lysates of recombinant VV- and HSV-1-infected cells, were almost identical, the polymerizing activity of recombinant Pol ceased after 10 min of incubation, in correlation with the fact that Pol depends on its cofactor for optimal chain elongation. Kinetics of cellular localization, tracked by a monospecific Pol antibody, revealed that the catalytic subunit initially assembled to a few dot-like nuclear sites, reminiscent of HSV-1 DNA replication compartments. Later during infection, the localization of recombinant Pol matched with that found in lytically HSV-1-infected cells. This study demonstrates that nuclear transport and localization of the Pol subunit is independent of herpesviral functions, and neither requires the presence of herpesviral DNA sequences. Recombinant VV provides a promising alternative to explore protein interactions of the herpesviral replication machinery in their authentic cellular environment.
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PMID:Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase by recombinant vaccinia virus. 1919 93


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