Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0267964 (PAA)
 2,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several mechanisms for attachment and entry of Chlamydia have been proposed. We previously determined that the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is glycosylated with a high-mannose oligosaccharide, and a similar structure inhibited the attachment and infectivity of C. trachomatis in epithelial cells. Because insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) was shown to enhance the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not C. trachomatis in endothelial cells, a hapten inhibition assay was used to analyze whether the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)/IGF2 receptor that also binds M6P could be involved in infection of endothelial cells (HMEC-1) by Chlamydia. M6P and mannose 6-phosphate-poly[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-acrylamide] (M6P-PAA) inhibited the infectivity of C. pneumoniae AR-39, but not C. trachomatis serovar UW5 or L2, while mannan inhibited the growth of C. trachomatis, but not C. pneumoniae. Using metabolically labeled organisms incubated with cells at 4 degrees C (organisms attach but do not enter) or at 37 degrees C (organisms attach and are internalized), M6P-PAA was shown to inhibit attachment and internalization of C. pneumoniae in endothelial cells but did not inhibit attachment or internalization of C. trachomatis serovar E or L2. These findings indicate that C. pneumoniae can utilize the M6P/IGF2 receptor and that the use of this receptor for attachment and entry differs between C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis.
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PMID:Chlamydia pneumoniae uses the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor for infection of endothelial cells. 1604 Sep 74

Self-assembled shell cross-linked poly(acrylic acid-b-isoprene) (PAA78-b-PI97) micelles or cross-linked PAA nanocages in aqueous solution were used as templates for the preparation of novel polymer-inorganic nanocapsules. The hybrid nanostructures were typically 50-70 nm in diameter and consisted of spherical polymer nanoparticles or nanocages enclosed within a continuous 10-20 nm thick surface layer of amorphous calcium phosphate. Nucleation of calcium phosphate specifically in association with the polymer nanoparticles was facilitated by low supersaturation levels and by sequestration of Ca2+ ions within the carboxylate-rich PAA domains prior to addition of HPO4(2-). Modifications in ionic concentrations were used to control the calcium phosphate surface layer thickness and prepare mineralized cross-linked PAA-b-PI micelles with variable shell permeability. The permeability of beta-carotene into the hydrophobic PI core of mineralized shell cross-linked PAA-b-PI micelles was reduced by approximately 50 or 100% respectively for hybrid nanostructures enclosed within 10 or 20 nm thick calcium phosphate layers. Our results suggest that calcium phosphate-polymer cross-linked nanocapsules could have potential applications as pH-responsive biocompatible hybrid nanostructures for use in applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, and therapeutics.
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PMID:Fabrication of hybrid nanocapsules by calcium phosphate mineralization of shell cross-linked polymer micelles and nanocages. 1617 57

Hydrogels composed of glycidyl methacrylate dextran (GMD) and poly(acrylic acid, PAA) were prepared by UV irradiation method for colon-specific drug delivery. GMD was synthesized by coupling of glycidyl methacrylate to dextran in the presence of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine. GMD was photo-polymerized by ammonium peroxydisulfate as initiating system in phosphate-buffered solution (0.1 M, pH 7.4). And then, acrylic acid monomer was added and subsequently heat-polymerized by 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The hydrogels exhibited high swelling ratio (about 20) at 37 degrees C, and showed a pH-dependent swelling behavior. In addition, the swelling ratio of the hydrogel was remarkably enhanced to about 45 times in the presence of dextranase at pH 7.4. The swelling-deswelling behavior proceeded reversibly for the GMD/PAA hydrogels between pH 2 and pH 7.4. Release of 5-aminosalicylic acid from the GMD/PAA hydrogels was evaluated in simulated gastrointestinal pH fluids in the absence or presence of dextranase. We concluded that the hydrogels prepared could be used as a dual-sensitive drug carrier for sequential release in gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Drug release from the enzyme-degradable and pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of glycidyl methacrylate dextran and poly(acrylic acid). 1617 27

A novel hydrogen peroxide biosensor was fabricated by using a DNA-Cu(II) complex as a novel electrocatalyst for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A polyion complex (PIC) membrane composed of DNA and poly(allylamine) (PAA) functioned as a support matrix for immobilization of electrocatalytic element-copper ion. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the DNA-Cu(II)/PAA membrane in wet state showed that the DNA exists in B-like form within the membrane. Electrochemical measurements of the DNA-Cu(II)/PAA membrane-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode revealed that the copper ion embedded in the DNA/PAA layer exhibits good electrochemical behaviors, and the electrochemical rate constant between the immobilized copper ion and the GC electrode surface was estimated to be 26.4 s(-1). The resulting DNA-Cu(II)/PAA/GC electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the H2O2 reduction. The sensitivity of the sensor for the determination of H2O2 was affected by the amount of each component, such as copper ion, DNA and PAA in the DNA-Cu(II)/PAA membrane. Effects of applied potential, pH, temperature, ionic strength and buffer concentrations upon the response currents of the sensor were also investigated for an optimum analytical performance. Even in the presence of dissolved oxygen, the sensor exhibited highly sensitive and rapid (response time, less than 5 s) response to H2O2. The steady-state cathodic current responses of the sensor obtained at -0.2 V versus Ag/AgCl in air-saturated 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) increased linearly up to 135 microM with the detection limit of 50 nM. Interference by ascorbic acid and uric acid due to the reduction of Cu(II) was effectively cancelled by further modification of outermost layer of polyion complex film. In addition, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and stability.
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PMID:DNA-Cu(II) poly(amine) complex membrane as novel catalytic layer for highly sensitive amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide. 1629 13

A pH-sensitive polymer interface has been used as a matrix for reversible immobilization of cytochrome c (Cyt c) on an Au surface through a dip-coating process. The pH-sensitive behavior of the polymer brush interface has been demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The reversible immobilization and electron-transfer properties of Cyt c have been investigated by in situ UV/Vis spectrophotometry and CV. The results have shown that the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brush acted as an excellent adsorption matrix and a good accelerant for the direct electron transfer of Cyt c, which gave redox peaks with a formal potential of 40 mV versus Ag/AgCl in pH 7.6 phosphate buffer solution. The average surface coverage of Cyt c on the PAA film was about 1.7 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2), indicating a multilayer of Cyt c. The electron-transfer rate constant was calculated to be around 0.19 s(-1) according to the CV experiments. The interface was subjected to in situ attenuated total internal reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, in order to further confirm the immobilization of Cyt c on the surface. This polymer-protein system may have potential applications in the design of biosensors, protein separation, interfacial engineering, biomimetics, and so on.
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PMID:Reversible immobilization and direct electron transfer of cytochrome c on a pH-sensitive polymer interface. 1718

It was the aim of this study to investigate the influence of the amount of thiol groups being covalently attached to poly(acrylic acid) 450 kDa on its properties. Five different PAA(450)-L-cysteine conjugates (PAA(450)-Cys) were synthesized bearing 53.0 (PAA I), 113.4 (PAA II), 288.8 (PAA III), 549.1 (PAA IV) and 767.0 (PAA V) micromol immobilized thiol groups per gram polymer. Mucoadhesion studies utilizing the rotating cylinder method, tensile studies and disintegration studies were performed. Self-crosslinking properties were measured by the increase in viscosity. Permeation studies were performed on rat small intestine and Caco-2 monolayers using sodium fluorescein as model drug. Following residence times on the rotating cylinder could be identified: PAA I 3.1; PAA II 5.2; PAA III 22.0; PAA IV 33.8; PAA V 53.7; control 1.3 [h]. The disintegration time of all PAA(450)-Cys tablets was strongly dependent on the degree of thiolation of the polymer. Self-crosslinking studies showed that the different PAA(450)-Cys conjugates (3% m/v) in phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, formed intramolecular disulfide bonds. In case of Caco-2 monolayer transport studies following P(app)-values could be identified: PAA I 9.8; PAA II 10.1; PAA III 11.1; PAA IV 8.9; PAA V 8.2; control 6.4 [P(app)x10(-6), cms(-1)]. Mucoadhesive and self-crosslinking properties are strongly dependent on the degree of thiolation of the polymer and with respect to transport studies, an optimum amount of covalently attached L-cysteine could be identified.
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PMID:Thiolated polymers: evaluation of the influence of the amount of covalently attached L-cysteine to poly(acrylic acid). 1726 91

Ultrathin fibers comprising 2-weak polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a model drug to evaluate the potential application of the fibers for drug delivery. The release of MB was controlled in a nonbuffered medium by changing the pH of the solution. The sustained release of MB in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was achieved by constructing perfluorosilane networks on the fiber surfaces as capping layers. Temperature controlled release of MB was obtained by depositing temperature sensitive PAA/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) multilayers onto the fiber surfaces. The controlled release of drugs from electrospun fibers have potential applications as drug carriers in biomedical science.
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PMID:Fabrication of ultrathin polyelectrolyte fibers and their controlled release properties. 1741 41

Nano-sized crystals of calcined hydroxyapatite (HAp) having spherical morphologies were fabricated by calcination at 800 degrees C for 1 h with an anti-sintering agent surrounding the original HAp particles and the agent was subsequently removed by washing after calcination. The original HAp particles were prepared by a modified emulsion system, and surrounded with poly(acrylic acid, calcium salt) (PAA-Ca) by utilizing a precipitation reaction between calcium hydroxide and poly(acrylic acid) adsorbed on the HAp particle surfaces in an aqueous medium. In the case of calcination without PAA-Ca, micron-sized particles consisting of sintered polycrystals were mainly observed by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the calcination-induced sintering among the crystals. On the other hand, most of the crystals calcined with the anti-sintering agent were observed as isolated particles, and the mean size of the HAp crystals was around 80 nm. This result indicates that PAA-Ca and its thermally decomposed product, CaO, surrounding the HAp crystals could protect them against calcination-induced sintering during calcination at 800 degrees C. The HAp crystals calcined with PAA-Ca showed high crystallinity, and no other calcium phosphate phases could be detected.
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PMID:Nano-sized ceramic particles of hydroxyapatite calcined with an anti-sintering agent. 1745 Aug 45

The use of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-multiwalled carbon-nanotubes (MWNTs) composite-coated glassy-carbon disk electrode (GCE) (PAA-MWNTs/GCE) for the simultaneous determination of physiological level dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in the presence of an excess of ascorbic acid (AA) in a pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered solution was proposed. PAA-MWNTs composite was prepared by mixing of MWNTs powder into 1 mg/ml PAA aqueous solution under sonication. GCE surface was modified with PAA-MWNTs film by casting. AA demonstrates no voltammetric peak at PAA-MWNTs/GCE. The PAA-MWNTs composite is of a high surface area and of affinity for DA and UA adsorption. DA exhibits greatly improved electron-transfer rate and is electro-catalyzed at PAA-MWNTs/GCE. Moreover, the electro-catalytic oxidation of UA at PAA-MWNTs/GCE is observed, which makes it possible to detect lower level UA. Therefore, the enhanced electrocatalytic currents for DA and UA were observed. The anodic peak currents at approximately 0.18 V and 0.35 V increase with the increasing concentrations of DA and UA, respectively, which correspond to the voltammetric peaks of DA and UA, respectively. The linear ranges are 40 nM to 3 microM DA and 0.3 microM to 10 microM UA in the presence of 0.3 mM AA. The lowest detection limits (S/N=3) were 20 nM DA and 110 nM UA.
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PMID:Simultaneous voltammetric detection of dopamine and uric acid at their physiological level in the presence of ascorbic acid using poly(acrylic acid)-multiwalled carbon-nanotube composite-covered glassy-carbon electrode. 1746 72

Polymer modified calcium phosphate cements made with cement powders of varying tetracalcium phosphate [TTCP] content were prepared using two different molecular weight fractions of poly(acrylic acid) at four different concentrations. The ratio of the precursors (TTCP:DCPA) in the cement powder was found to influence the initial setting which decreased with increasing concentration of TTCP in the powder phase. It was also observed that cements derived from the higher molecular weight containing PAA yielded significantly (P < 0.05) shorter initial setting time (Ti) than cements containing the lower molecular weight, poly(acrylic acid) [GE7 PAA] The effect of the varying the TTCP content in the three different cement types PCPC-A, PCPC-B and PCPC-C showed that the trends of the compressive strength were specific to the concentration and molecular weight of the poly (acrylic acid). A 20% concentration of Glascol-E7 with a cement powder composed of an equimolar ratio of precursors (PCPC-B) resulted in optimal compressive strength within the range investigated. The TTCP content of the cement powder could also be varied to improve the diametral tensile strengths of the cements; the specific effects however, were again governed by both the concentration and molecular weight of the constituent poly (acrylic acid). The influence of TTCP on both the initial setting time and diametral tensile strength was related to the Ca (2+) ion concentration, which determined the rate and amount of cross-linking in the cement.
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PMID:Poly(acrylic acid) modified calcium phosphate cements: the effect of the composition of the cement powder and of the molecular weight and concentration of the polymeric acid. 1752 64


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