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Query: UMLS:C0264733 (ventricular dilatation)
 2,163 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Right ventricular dysplasia is a new entity of unknown origin in the classification of cardiomyopathies. Also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, it is a disease of the heart muscle characterised by fibroadipose atrophy mainly involving the right ventricle and responsible for severe ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death also in young people. Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of ventricular dilatation at the outflow tract, thinning and thickening of the wall, diastolic bulging areas (especially located at the level of the right ventricle outflow tract) and fatty substitution of the myocardium mainly at the level of the right ventricle. Many radiologists erroneously consider the previously described fatty substitution as the main sign of ARVC, even though an evaluation of fat substitution alone may be a source of error for two reasons: firstly, because isolated areas of fatty replacement are not synonymous with ARVC since small non-transmural focal fatty areas of fat are also present in the normal patients; and secondly, because the MRI detection of fat may be overestimated due to partial-volume artefacts with normal subepicardial fat. Cardiac MRI can also be employed for the diagnosis of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. Considering the evolutive nature of the disease, the non-invasiveness of MRI allows the follow-up of these patients and may be considered an excellent screening modality for the diagnosis of ARVC in family members. Finally, MRI can be employed in electrophysiological studies to locate the arrhythmogenic focus and reduce sampling errors.
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PMID:MRI assessment of right ventricular dysplasia. 1276 56

Growing skull fractures (GSF) are rare complications of head injury (HI) in childhood. This entity consists of a skull fracture with an underlying dural tear that courses with a progressive enlargement of the fracture to produce a cranial defect. The pathophysiology and some aspects of its management are still controversial. In this review we present 12 patients diagnosedd and treated for a GSF at our institution between 1980 and 2002. 11 patients were under the age of 3 years and one patient was 5 years old at the moment of HI. The most common cause of injury was a fall from height. In the initial plain x-rayfilms, 11 patients showed a diastatic skull fracture and one patient only had a linear fracture. At this time, CT scan showed cortical contussion underlying the fracture in every case. The mean time between injury and presentation of GSF was 11.6 weeks. Diagnosis was made by palpation of the cranial defect and confirmed with skull x-rayfilms. The most frecuent location of GSF was in the parietal region. Associated lesions like hydrocephalus, encephalomalacia, lepto-menigeal cysts, brain tissue herniation and ipsilateral ventricular dilatation, were found in the preoperative CT or MRI. All patients underwent a dural repair with pericranium or fascia lata. The cranial defect was covered with local calvarial bone fragments in every case. Only one patient needed a cranioplasty with titanium mesh. Every child with a skull fracture must be followed until the fracture heals. Patients under the age of 3 years with a diastatic fracture and a dural tear, demostrated by TC or MRI, are more prone to develop GSF. In these cases, early repair must be adviced in order to prevent progressive brain damage.
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PMID:[Growing skull fracture in childhood. Presentation of 12 cases]. 1287 72

Costello syndrome is a rare but increasingly recognized syndrome of unknown etiology. Neurological abnormalities are not rare in this syndrome and consist of structural and electrophysiological disorders. Ventricular dilatation is observed in more than 40% of cases. Other reported cerebral anomalies are brain atrophy, Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. Although there is insufficient data to propose strict guidelines, it seams reasonnable to have a low threshold for neuroimaging, in general, and particularly when neurologic signs or symptoms are present. Screening including cerebral MRI and EEG should be proposed after a diagnosis of Costello syndrome. The frequency of testing in such children should be guided by neurological follow-up.
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PMID:Costello syndrome and neurological abnormalities. 1460 54

Ventriculomegaly constitutes the major indication of fetal brain MRI. MRI is therefore of utmost importance to look for a cause through the depiction of criteria of malformations and through the definition of criteria of destructive lesions. Malformations and destructive lesions are the most common causes of ventricular dilatation. Some challenging points are worth mentioning in term of mechanism with the challenge of hydrocephalus (in term of increased in intracranial pressure) and of isolated ventriculomegaly. The image itself is also challenging since a similar image may be of different origin. In term of natural history of fetal brain injury an irregular, nodular aspect of the ventricular wall and/or the germinal matrix is often the only pathologic MRI finding that is known to be of clastic origin. In term of prognosis the challenge is represented by the isolated mild ventriculomegaly, the literature being quite confusing. The purpose of this review paper is to highlight the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of ventricular dilatation based on results from the literature as well as from personal experience.
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PMID:[MRI and in utero ventriculomegaly]. 1471 43

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a presenile dementia characterized by rapidly progressive mental deterioration, myoclonic jerking, and other less common neurological signs. Few autoctonous cases have been described in Brazil. A 54-year-old white woman, was admitted in our service with a month history of progressive, bilateral cortical blindness. After admission, she developed right partial motor seizures( right facial, upper and lower limbs), she became progressively aphasic( mixed aphasia). Seizures were controlled with phenytoin, but she developed choreoathetotic movements on her right dimidium, with partial control after introduction of chlorpromazine 25 mg q/d. She could no longer stand up or walk due to severe ataxia. The first EEG (October, 2001) showed left hemisphere severe seizure activity (status epilepticus partialis). She was delivered home with enteral nutrition, phenytoin, chlorpromazine and mepacrine 100 mg qd. The following laboratorial tests were negative or normal: blood series, platelets, ESR, kidney and liver function, copper, ceruloplasmin, VDRL, HIV, HTLV-1, lactate, and cerebral DSA (performed in other service).A spinal tap with normal opening pressure was perform and CSF examination was normal. CSF 14-3-3 protein was positive, CSF specific neuronal enolase 7.5 ng/ml(normal). Genetic study of PRNP gene did not disclosed any known mutation. A MRI (October, 2001) showed areas of hyperintense signal (T2 and FLAIR) without Gd-enhancement on T1, in the left temporal lobe and in both occipital lobes; basal ganglia have a normal appearance. DWI imaging showed bright areas at the same sites. An EEG (March, 2002) disclosed a periodical sharp triphasic waves pattern, suggestive of CJD. A second MRI (April, 2002) showed mild generalized atrophy, no ventricular dilatation, and the hyperintense sites disappeared. She remained clinically stable and under use of chlorpromazine and mepacrine until she died due to pulmonary complications on April, 2003.
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PMID:[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Heidenhain variant: case report with MRI (DWI) findings]. 1523 44

Thinning of the corpus callosum (CC) is often observed in individuals who were born very preterm. Damage to the CC during neurodevelopment may be associated with poor neuropsychological performance. This study aimed to explore any evidence of CC pathology in adolescents aged 14-15 years who were born very preterm, and to investigate the relationship between CC areas and verbal skills. Seventy-two individuals born before 33 weeks of gestation and 51 age- and sex-matched full-term controls received structural MRI and neuropsychological assessment. Total CC area in very preterm adolescents was 7.5% smaller than in controls, after adjusting for total white matter volume (P = 0.015). The absolute size of callosal subregions differed between preterm and full-term adolescents: preterm individuals had a 14.7% decrease in posterior (P < 0.0001) and an 11.6% decrease in mid-posterior CC quarters (P = 0.029). Preterm individuals who had experienced periventricular haemorrhage and ventricular dilatation in the neonatal period showed the greatest decrease in CC area. In very preterm boys only, verbal IQ and verbal fluency scores were positively associated with total mid-sagittal CC size and mid-posterior surface area. These results suggest that very preterm birth adversely affects the development of the CC, particularly its posterior quarter, and this impairs verbal skills in boys.
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PMID:Corpus callosum size and very preterm birth: relationship to neuropsychological outcome. 1528 68

Aqueductal stenosis is induced by widely various causes. These causes include congenital stenosis, tumor or inflammation. Among them vascular malformation is a very rare cause. In this paper we present a rare case of aqueductal stenosis caused by venous angioma. The patient was a 28-year-old female, who suffered from headache and double vision. On admission, CT and MRI showed lateral and third ventricular dilatation not but fourth ventricle, suggested aqueductal stenosis. Gd-DTPA enhanced T1-weighted MR image showed an abnormal draining vein passing through the orifice of the aqueduct. Angiography demonstrated the umbrella sign which was specific sign of the venous angioma. We performed endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Postoperative neuroradiological examination showed shrinkage of the ventricles and the symptom of the patient improved markedly. In the past literatures, five cases of aqueductal stenosis due to venous angioma have been reported. Although venous angioma is congenital, all five cases had been symptomatic at adult stage. Detailed evaluation of pre-and post-operative MRIs suggest that aqueductal stenosis induced enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles, which led narrowing of the suprachiasmatic cistern and the peri-mesencephalic cistern, and downward displacement of medulla and tonsil into the foramen magnum. As a result, hydrocephalus is aggravated gradually.
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PMID:[A rare case of aqueductal stenosis due to venous angioma]. 1572 82

Fetal brain MRI provides complementary information to ultrasonography exploration, the gold standard for antenatal evaluation. Certain specific correlations between the antenatal and postnatal findings merit discussion: cysts after increase in volume during the perinatal period; certain anomalies are at the limit of resolution (tuber of tuberous sclerosis, heterotopy); anatomic visibility of certain structures does not exclude function deficiency (optical chiasma in septo-optic dysplasia; ventricular dilatation is a frequent sign but can occur in very different entities.
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PMID:[Brain MRI: ante and postnatal correlations]. 1576 24

Large numbers of people have anterior myocardial infarctions, many in mid-life, with progressive left ventricular dilatation and heart failure with diminished life expectancy. Myocardial revascularization alone helps ischemia, but does little in cases of large ventricular volume, which is the major determinant of post infarction mortality. Ventricular restoration results in immediate improvement in size and function and when added to revascularization, has markedly improved survival and freedom from congestive heart failure. When coronary bypass is being considered after anterior infarction or in patients with reduced ventricular function, MRI to determine function and viability is recommended. Then a valid, informed judgment can be made about patch reconstruction of the left ventricle.
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PMID:Left ventricular remodeling or restoration for congestive heart failure. 1651 4

The normal pattern of cerebral asymmetry may be altered in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Babies born very preterm have an increased risk of brain damage, and brain abnormalities which persist into adolescence. This study aimed to ascertain whether preterm birth affects the development of fronto-occipital asymmetry. Structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans from 14 year old individuals born very preterm (n = 61; mean age 14 years 11 months; 29 male) and age-matched full-term controls (n = 49; mean age 14 years 11 months; 31 male) underwent morphometric analysis, using well-validated stereological methods. Measurements of right and left prefrontal, premotor, sensorimotor and occipitoparietal regional volumes were made and asymmetry indices calculated. These factors underwent a reductive factor analysis. There were no significant between-group differences in fronto-occipital asymmetry between the preterm adolescents and their full-term counterparts. It seems unlikely, therefore, that preterm birth per se deviates the development of normal fronto-occipital asymmetry. Neonatal periventricular haemorrhage with ventricular dilatation revealed by ultrasound may be associated with reversal of asymmetry in the sensorimotor area.
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PMID:Cerebral asymmetry in 14 year olds born very preterm. 1669 55


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