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Query: UMLS:C0262471 (ENT)
 5,307 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After the review of the morphology, the identification and the pathogenic properties of H. influenzae, its occurrence in the different ENT infections is discussed. H. influenzae is found in chronic tonsillitis in 64% of the cases, in the deeper tissue of the tonsils, while its occurrence in the throat swabs is rare. In acute otitis media H. Influenzae is present in 10 to 150% of the cases, while in rhinitis and sinusitis its increasing occurrence until 1974 is noted (28% of all sinusitis cases showed H. Influenzae in that year); since 1974 its occurrence is somewhat decreasing: 18% in 1976. Susceptibility testing for antibiotics with the disc-method is unreliable; we have to use the tube or plate-dilution methods. The increasing occurrence of ampicilline resistant strains of H. influenzae is discussed.
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PMID:[Increasing importance of Haemophilus influenzae in nose, ear and throat infections]. 30 28

Epithelial cells were obtained by swabbing the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (NPH) of 15 patients (age one to 6 8/12 years; eight males, seven females) undergoing ENT-surgery under general anaesthesia for otitis media with effusion (OME). Individually matched, ear healthy children served as controls. Bacteria attached to the non-ciliated cells were calculated according to a method described. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative bacteriological analyses were performed on samples obtained from mucoid middle ear effusion material as well as from the NPH. All patients and controls harboured middle ear pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis, or S. aureus) in the NPH. Only 33 per cent of the patients harboured middle ear pathogens in the middle ear effusion and the same pathogen was invariably found in the corresponding NPH. Attachment of bacteria to the non-ciliated cells of the NPH diminished significantly with growing age in the ear healthy control group but not in the OME group. OME is closely correlated to the presence of middle ear pathogens in the NPH and to attachment of bacteria to the epithelial cells in the NPH.
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PMID:Bacterial attachment in vivo to epithelial cells of the nasopharynx during otitis media with effusion. 155 81

Betalactamase-producing organisms are responsible for an increasing number of ENT and lower respiratory tract infections. Or cephalosporins and the combination of amoxicillin with the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid are alternatives to ampicillin therapy. The killing activity of cefadroxil on the organisms most often responsible for ENT and respiratory infections was evaluated in vitro using a viable bacteria count method, comparatively with cefaclor, josamycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Killing activity was found to be time-dependent for all the antimicrobial agents studied. Cefadroxil exhibited the same bactericidal effect on Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae than the other agents. Haemophilus influenzae and an increasing number of Pneumococcus strains were resistant to josamycin which is therefore not appropriate for first-line therapy. As compared with amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefadroxil was less active on H. influenzae and more active on Staphylococcus aureus. Production of beta-lactamase failed to influence the killing activity of cefadroxil. These bacteriologic data, together with results of pharmacologic studies (long half-life and good penetration within tissues) can explain the clinical successes obtained with cefadroxil in ENT and lower respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:[Bactericide activity of cefadroxil comparated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefaclor and josamycin]. 175 16

One hundred and twenty-six patients who underwent tonsillectomy because of recurrent acute tonsillitis, tonsillar hypertrophy or sleep apnoea were evaluated by tonsillar core culturing. The sleep apnoea patients served as controls, since none of them had tonsillar hypertrophy at ENT examination or any history of recurrent acute tonsillitis, and thus their tonsillar core flora could be regarded as normal. The isolation rate of H. influenzae was much lower among sleep apnoea controls (2.7 per cent) than among either the patients with recurrent acute tonsillitis (20.3 per cent) or those with tonsillar hypertrophy (36.7 per cent) (p less than 0.05), as was that of group A streptococci, 5.4 per cent versus 16.9 and 20 per cent, respectively (though the latter differences were not statistically significant). The isolation frequencies of B. catarrhalis, pneumococci, group C and G streptococci did not differ between the three groups. The high tonsillar core recovery rates of H. influenzae and group A streptococci both in patients with recurrent acute tonsillitis and in those with tonsillar hypertrophy, as compared with normal controls, suggests the possible involvement of these bacteria in both conditions.
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PMID:High recovery of Haemophilus influenzae and group A streptococci in recurrent tonsillar infection or hypertrophy as compared with normal tonsils. 207 11

During 1983-87, tympanostomy tubes were inserted in a total of 4952 ears of 2575 children remitted to the ENT Department of our hospital because of chronic or recurrent otitis media problems. The children were included in a prospective study and referred to one of three groups for comparison of findings. Group 1 included all 6- to 12-month-old infants undergoing primary tube treatment; group 2, all children 1 year or older who had their first ventilation tube(s) inserted in connection with adenoidectomy; and group 3, all children in whom tympanostomy had been performed one or more times previously. Middle ear effusion was aspirated from 2392 ears (48%); 67.6% of all ears were negative for bacteria and 22.1% of the ears with effusion grew pathogenic bacteria. S. pneumoniae was the most frequently cultured pathogen among the 6 to 12 month olds in group 1, but in groups 2 and 3 H. influenzae occurred more frequently than S. pneumoniae. Beta-lactamase-producing strains of pathogenic bacteria were formed in only 4% of all ears with effusion: H. influenzae in 1.2% and B. catarrhalis in 2.8%. Compared with figures from the United states, the frequency of beta-lactamase-producing strains is low in the present series. This is probably explained by differences in antimicrobial treatment practices; in Finland and the Scandinavian countries, penicillin V is the primary drug for acute otitis media. In light of present results, it seems well-suited for treatment of otitis media in young children.
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PMID:Bacterial findings in middle ear effusion in children. 211 35

Three hundred and one patients with maxillary sinusitis participated in a double-blind, randomized study at 11 ENT-clinics in Europe. Sinusitis was diagnosed by the presence of at least two signs and symptoms and sinus X-ray showing more than 6 mm swelling of the maxillary mucosa. A microbiological specimen was obtained by intrasinusal aspiration. The patients were randomly assigned to treatment either with bacampillin 800 mg b. i. d. or with amoxicillin 500 mg t. i. d. for ten days. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae (94 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (66 strains) and Branhamella catarrhalis (12 strains). In 96 of the patients, no microorganisms could be isolated. Beta-lactamase production was found in one H. influenzae strain and in three B. catarrhalis strains. Two hundred and seventy-one patients could be evaluated for efficacy at the follow-up visit day 8-25. The overall clinical outcome was the same in both treatment groups. Adverse events such as skin reactions and upper and lower gastrointestinal reactions occurred in 17.4% of the amoxicillin treated patients and in 10.8% of the bacampicillin treated patients (p = 0.101).
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PMID:Efficacy of penicillin treatment in purulent maxillary sinusitis. A European multicenter trial. 314 Dec 90

Five cases of meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b are reported. In four, the same pathogen was recovered from blood. In every case, meningitis developed despite administration of macrolides for ENT infections (4 cases) or pneumonia (1 case). These five observations are conclusive evidence that macrolides failed to prevent meningeal diffusion of Haemophilus influenzae presumptively responsible for the initial focal infection. In vitro activity of macrolides against Haemophilus influenzae is poor. For the treatment of ENT infections in pediatric patients aged 2 months to 5 years, the age group most susceptible to infection by Haemophilus influenzae, we recommend amoxicillin which is more active and bactericidal. An adequate dosage should be used (50 to 100 mg/kg/24 h) divided into four oral doses given at six hour intervals. This therapeutic attitude may need to be revised if the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae strains (5 to 10% as of now) were to increase. In this case, use of an amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination under the same conditions as outlined above may prove satisfactory. Correct administration of judiciously chosen antibiotics in ENT infections in infants and children is the most effective means of preventing meningitis due to H. influenzae.
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PMID:[Haemophilus influenzae infections in infants and macrolides. Importance of the choice of an effective antibiotic and compliance with its administration schedule]. 389 73

Clinical specimens from 243 patients attending the ENT clinics at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were investigated for the pathogens attributing to otitis media and tonsillitis. In children as well as in adults with otitis media, the main bacterial causative organisms were Staph, aureus and Ps. aeruginosa; Asp. flavus was detected in 1% and 4% of adult and children cases of otitis media. In tonsillitis H. influenzae, Strept. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, Strept. gr. A were isolated in only 18% of the children and Strept. pneumoniae, Strept. gr A in 16% of adults. A possible involvement of viruses in tonsillitis is indicated.
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PMID:Ear, nose and throat diseases in Saudi Arabia. Microbiology and clinical observations. 401 55

In Val-de-Marne District there is a permanent medical network to check up all cases of infectious meningitis. H. influenzae meningitis are increasing and represent 25% of all purulent meningitis (mainly infants of less than 6 years old) diagnosed in this area, second only to the meningococcus. English authors find Haemophilus influenzae to be as contagious as the meningococcus. Public Health physicians have to know these informations in order to prevent infection in communities; systematic throat culture with antibiograms, regular medical check-up, disinfection, exclusion from school and the choice of prophylactic anti-biotherapy are discussed. Many drugs have been proposed ampicillin, rifampicin, spiramycin, erythromycin, pristinamycin, tetracyclin. None of them managed to get a unanimous approval. The probably temporary solution is to follow the same guidelines than for the meningococcus infections and contaminations. They are described in details in the n degrees 8 Ministerial Memorandum dated January 28, 1980. About chimioprophylaxy, the physicians have to judge any single case as a whole. First ENT infections in those communities have to be totally treated.
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PMID:[Public health problems posed by the occurrence of Haemophilus meningitis in limited communities and especially its chemophophylaxis]. 634 42

Bacteriology of acute maxillary sinusitis was studied in 569 patients in 16 centers of 6 countries located throughout Europe during 1992-1994 by ENT specialists. Patients with symptoms of acute sinusitis lasting less than 3 weeks with ongoing purulent nasal discharge were included. Diagnosis was verified by sinus x-ray or ultrasonography and a positive aspiration finding in maxillary sinus puncture. One or more pathogens were isolated from the maxillary sinus aspirates of 375 (66%) patients. Fifty-six percent of patients harboured 1 pathogen and 10% multiple pathogenic organisms, respectively. Haemophilus influenzae was the most common pathogen isolated (148 isolates), occurring as a single pathogen in 14% of the patients. The occurrence of H. influenzae was highest in Finnish military hospital patients (43-48%), as compared with the non-military Finnish patients (9-11%) or to patients from other European centers (mean 13%). H. influenzae was more frequently beta-lactamase positive in other European centers (22%) than in Finnish centers (7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen isolated in other European centers (20%) but second most common in Finnish centers (13%). Moraxella catarrhalis occurred at quite similar frequency among Finnish centers (9-14%), but clearly less often in other centers (mean 4%). S. aureus, which in acute maxillary sinusitis is regarded as a contaminant from the nasal cavity, was more prevalent in other European centers (12%) than in Finnish centers (4%). In patients with acute maxillary sinusitis reliable bacteriological samples should be taken by antral aspiration directly from the diseased sinus.
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PMID:Bacterial findings in acute maxillary sinusitis--European study. 928


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