Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0262471 (ENT)
 5,307 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intestinal mucosal atrophy, as induced by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and/or prolonged bowel rest, is hypothesized to enhance bowel endotoxin (LPS) translocation and may alter host responses to infection. To examine the effect of TPN-induced bowel atrophy on the response to LPS, 12 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either enteral feedings (ENT, n = 6) or seven days of TPN without oral intake (TPN, n = 6). Enteral or TPN feedings were terminated 12 hours before the study period when a constant dextrose infusion (50 mg/kg/hour) was initiated and continued throughout the subsequent study period. After placement of arterial, hepatic vein, and femoral vein catheters, metabolic parameters were determined before and for six hours after an intravenous E. coli LPS challenge (20 U/kg). Subsequent peak levels of arterial glucagon (ENT, 189 +/- 39 pg/mL; TPN, 428 +/- 48; p less than 0.01), arterial epinephrine (ENT, 236 +/- 52 pg/mL; TPN, 379 +/- 49; p less than 0.05) and hepatic venous cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (cachectin/TNF) (ENT, 250 +/- 56 pg/mL; TPN, 479 +/- 136; p less than 0.05) were significantly higher in the TPN group than in the ENT group. The extremity efflux of lactate (ENT, -16 +/- 4 micrograms/min-100cc tissue; TPN, -52 +/- 13; t = 2 hours; p less than 0.05) and of amino acids (ENT, -334 +/- 77 nmol/min-100cc tissue; TPN, -884 +/- 58; t = 4 hours; p less than 0.05) were higher in the TPN subjects after the endotoxin challenge. Circulating C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels measured 24 hours postendotoxin were also significantly higher in the TPN subjects (ENT, 1.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dL; TPN, 3.2 +/- 0.3; p less than 0.01). Hence the counter-regulatory hormone and splanchnic cytokine responses to LPS were enhanced after TPN and bowel rest. This is associated with a magnified acute-phase response, peripheral amino acid mobilization, and peripheral lactate production. Thus antecedent TPN may influence the metabolic alterations seen in infection and sepsis via both an exaggerated counter-regulatory hormone response as well as an enhanced systemic and splanchnic production of cytokines.
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PMID:Total parenteral nutrition and bowel rest modify the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. 250 83

Cholestatic jaundice is the major complication of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Both the intravenous (IV) route of nutrition and the enteral fast have been implicated as causes of TPN-associated cholestasis (TPN-AC). The purpose of this study was to determine whether TPN-AC is caused by the TPN solution itself or the IV route of administration and enteral fast. Prepubescent rabbits (n = 24) were divided into four groups: CONTROL, fed standard lab chow; TPN, received a standard hyperalimentation solution of dextrose, Aminosyn, and lipids via the jugular vein; ENT, received the same hyperalimentation solution via a duodenostomy tube; and OSM, received a polymeric formula (Osmolite) via a duodenostomy tube. After 14 days on these diets, we measured bile flow, bile acid excretion, sulfobromophthalein (BSP) excretion, plasma amino acid profile, serum liver enzymes, and liver histology. Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance. Hyperalimentation solution significantly depressed hepatobiliary function, whether it was given IV or by gut. Bile flow in both the TPN (36.4 microL/kg/min) and ENT (46.2) groups was significantly less than CONTROL (84.5) or OSM (62.9). Hepatic secretory function, measured by excretion of the cholephilic dye BSP, was depressed in both TPN and ENT (57% and 55% of IV dose excreted in bile over 60 minutes, respectively) compared with CONTROL (84%) or OSM (71%). Serum liver enzymes were normal in all groups. Histological injury similar to TPN-AC in humans (portal inflammation and hepatocyte degeneration) was seen in both groups receiving the hyperalimentation solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatobiliary dysfunction during total parenteral nutrition is caused by infusate, not the route of administration. 846 53

Positron emission tomography with 18fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) is increasingly used in clinical practice, especially in oncology. However, in the Netherlands, guidelines for its routine use are lacking, probably due to the limited availability and costs of PET technology. The increasing demand for evidence of a positive effect on patient management (and outcome) following the introduction of new diagnostic tests, also plays an important role. For non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) such evidence is now available. In a prospective randomised multicentre study performed in the Comprehensive Cancer Centre in Amsterdam, FDG-PET reduced the number of futile thoracotomies in patients with suspected NSCLC by 50%. This and other studies resulted in a regional guideline (formulated by pulmonologists, surgeons, radiotherapists, radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians) for the use of FDG-PET in patients with (suspected) NSCLC. Several, predominantly multicentre, studies to evaluate the effectiveness of FDG-PET in subgroups of patients with colorectal cancer, breast cancer, oesophageal cancer, ENT tumours, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and NSCLC (early in the diagnostic workup), are currently being undertaken in the Netherlands. The results of these might facilitate a cost-effective positioning of PET technology for routine patient care in the Netherlands. A recent report from the Comprehensive Cancer Centre in the south of the Netherlands, based on scenarios in Belgium and the United States, indicates that the availability of PET facilities should increase substantially over the next decade, so as to ensure access to all patients who may benefit from this technology.
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PMID:[Positron emission tomography in the Netherlands: need to expand the capacity]. 1238 64

Following severe trauma and surgical injury, nutritional support via the enteral route has been shown to lead to increased survival and decreased complications when compared to the parenteral route. We hypothesized that the route of nutrient delivery may affect cutaneous wound healing following severe traumatic insult. Forty-six Sprague Dawley rats underwent bilateral closed femoral fractures, central venous catheterization, gastrostomy placement and dorsal skin incision with placement of polyvinyl alcohol sponges into subcutaneous pockets. Identical nutritional infusates of 25% dextrose, 4.25% amino acids, and vitamins were given, half the animals receiving the infusion via the gastrostomy (ENT) and the other half via the venous catheter (TPN). Animals were sacrificed on post-operative days 5, 7, or 10. Wound breaking strength (WBS, g) and sponge granuloma hydroxyproline content (OHP- a measure of wound collagen deposition, microg/ 100mg sponge) were measured. There were no significant nutritional differences between the two feeding groups. On days 5 and 7, WBS was significantly higher in the ENT group (58.0 +/- 3.1 g vs 48.9 +/- 2.6 g, p < 0.05, and 123 +/- 19 g vs 87.6 +/- 4.2 g, p < 0.05 vs TPN respectively). Sponge OHP content on day 5 was significantly higher in the ENT group (101 +/- 3 vs 86.7+/-5.8 microg/100 sponge, p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the enteral feeding route imparts a benefit to early post-traumatic wound healing s compared to parenteral feeding.
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PMID:Trauma and wound healing: role of the route of nutritional support. 1267 29

Spores of Curvularia lunata were immobilized by entrapment with photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers and incubated to form mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone (Reichstein compound S) as an inducer of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. In a buffer system containing 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, this immobilized mycelium hydroxylated cortexolone to hydrocortisone. The activity of this mycelium was comparable to the activity of free mycelium. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not inhibit hydroxylase activity at the concentration used and was effective in dissolving the product. Of the various photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers examined, use of ENT-4000, whose main chain was polyethylene glycol 4000 (chain length, approximately 40 nm), resulted in maximum hydroxylation activity of the entrapped mycelium. The chain length of prepolymers affected markedly mycelial growth in the gels and, subsequently, the activity of the entrapped mycelium. The immobilized hydroxylation system was more stable than the system in free mycelium and could be reactivated by incubation of the entrapped mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone. The system was tested 50 times during 100 days of operation and was found to carry out the desired transformation with overall yields of 60%.
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PMID:11beta-Hydroxylation of Cortexolone (Reichstein Compound S) to Hydrocortisone by Curvularia lunata Entrapped in Photo-Cross-Linked Resin Gels. 1634 94

Phytochemical reinvestigation of ISODON ORESBIUS afforded, in addition to oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, sodoponin, astragalin, and quercetin-3- O-glucoside, three known (oresbiusin A, rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate) and a new rosmarinic acid derivative as well as an ENT-kaurene diterpenoid, neo-angustifolin, characterized as a separated component for the first time. By a combination of 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques the structure of the new compound was established as butyl rosmarinate. The IN VITRO antifungal assay showed that neoangustifolin was active against CANDIDA ALBICANS with the MIC being 50 microg/ml.
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PMID:A New Rosmarinic Acid Derivative from Isodon oresbius. 1726 Feb 44