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Query: UMLS:C0262471 (ENT)
 5,307 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) provides data on the susceptibility or resistance of a bacteria; however, in susceptible bacteria this parameter is not predictive of effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent. Bactericidal activities of cefadroxil, of amoxicillin, and of the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination on bacteria commonly found in ENT and lower respiratory tract disease were studied comparatively. The antibiotics were given by the oral route to six healthy volunteers. With beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, amoxicillin produced MICs consistent with susceptibility but failed to exhibit a bactericidal effect, whereas cefadroxil was bactericidal. Combination of amoxicillin with an inhibitor did not modify this activity on E. coli and failed to produce a bactericidal effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae similar to that seen with cefadroxil. Amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid exhibited comparable effectiveness on Streptococcus pyogenes and S. Pneumoniae. The bactericidal effect of cefadroxil on S. pneumoniae was of similar magnitude but shorter duration than that of amoxicillin. Cefadroxil and the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination had similar bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus. These antibiotics exhibited a time-dependent effect on Gram positive microorganisms. These pharmacodynamic data, together with measures of bactericidal activity, may be very helpful for selecting the appropriate antibiotic and dosage.
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PMID:[Bactericidal effect of cefadroxil, amoxicillin alone or in combination with clavulanic acid in sera of healthy volunteers]. 180 38

The authors report the results of the study of 435 bacteriological samples taken in children presenting with acute otitis media, in the out-patient department of ENT at the hospital Bretonneau (Paris) and in Valognes (Manche) from October 1981 to September 1987. Three bacterial organisms prevailed: Haemophilus (37 and 22% respectively), S. pneumoniae (25 and 7%) and Staphylococcus (16 and 17%). Pseudomonas was fairly frequent in cases with otorrhea, even when recent. Comparison with other studies shows the clear progression of the incidence of Haemophilus in acute otitis media. The percentage of the strains secreting a beta-lactamase was 17% whether the children live in the country or in town. The frequency of S. pneumoniae was independent of age but was clearly lower in cases with prolonged or relapsing otitis. According to these results, the authors discuss the therapeutic strategy for acute otitis media. Amoxicillin still remains the antibiotic of choice. In case of persisting or relapsing otitis, the bacteriological examination will allow choosing the best adapted antibiotic: first generation cephalosporin, clavulanic acid and amoxicillin or trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole.
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PMID:[Bacteriologic study of acute otitis media in hospitals and private practice]. 320 71

This was a comparative study of antibiotics in the pus of otitis and from the sinuses as well as in the adenoids. Three antibiotics were chosen: Trioleandomycin, Josamycin, Amoxicillin. The study protocol was strict. Results obtained were as follows: high concentrations of macrolids in discharge of otitis and the sinuses as well as in the adenoids. Concentrations were higher than serum concentrations. By contrast, in the case of amoxicillin tissue concentrations were lower than the serum concentration. This leads to the conclusion that there is good penetration of infectious ENT sites by macrolids.
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PMID:[Concentrations of antibiotics (josamycin, trioleandomycin and amoxicillin) in the secretions of the ear, sinus and adenoids]. 387 40

Amoxicillin and paracetamol are the two most widely prescribed and recommended medicines in children. Due to lack of scientific evidence of the most effective dosage, dosing instructions of both medicines are often unclear. In this article we challenge general practitioners, paediatricians, child-health clinic physicians, ENT specialists, pharmacists and guideline committees to critically evaluate the current dosing instructions of these two medicines. The Netherlands paediatric formulary, the Kinderformularium, should become the primary formulary for children in the Netherlands, but it has to be more in line with daily practice, and basic dosing instructions should be less ambiguous: (a) dosing instructions based on body weight instead of age; b) in case of pain, paracetamol should be given 60 mg/kg/day in four divided doses; (c) in case of common uncomplicated infections, amoxicillin should be given orally 60 mg/kg/day in two divided doses; (d) the following should be mentioned on the antibiotic prescription: the daily dose, the number of divided doses, the duration of therapy, the indication for the prescription, and the child's weight. This will result in safe prescription of medicines for children, with fewer unnecessary disruptive consultations between prescriber and pharmacist.
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PMID:[Amoxicillin and paracetamol dosing in children: playing safe]. 2767 36

ENT infections are the most common childhood infections and the leading causes of antibiotic prescriptions. These infections are mainly due to viruses and most of them (even if bacterial species are implicated) resolve spontaneously. Therefore, the first message is to not prescribe antibiotics in the following situations: common cold, non-streptococcal pharyngitis, laryngitis, non-purulent otitis media, etc. For sore throat/pharyngitis, the antibiotic treatment decision is based mainly on the use of group A streptococcus rapid diagnostic tests. For otitis media, only purulent forms occurring in children less than 2 years of age and most severe situations in older children should be treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is the first-line treatment for the vast majority of ENT infections requiring antibiotic treatment. Severe ENT infections (mastoiditis, epiglottitis, retro- and parapharyngeal abscesses, and ethmoiditis) are therapeutic emergencies requiring in most cases hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics.
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PMID:Antimicrobial treatment of ENT infections. 2929 Feb 38