Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a 3-year Taiwan-wide hospital-based survey of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in children less than 15 years of age. From January 1992 to December 1994, 105 cases (57 boys, 48 girls) were reported. Seventy-three patients (69.5%) had meningitis and 32 patients had other diseases (12 pneumonia, 10 sepsis, 7 cellulitis, 3 arthritis). Fourteen patients (13%) died, all of whom had meningitis or sepsis. Among the 63 patients who survived meningitis, 17 (27%) had neurologic sequelae and eight (47%) had hearing impairment. The number of cases of H. influenzae meningitis (30%) and other H. influenzae diseases (29%) peaked in children between 6 and 12 months of age. Patients with invasive infections (82%) and meningitis (73%) were younger than 24 months of age. Only 12 patients (11%) were older than 5 years of age and four had underlying diseases. The annual incidence of invasive H. influenzae infections in children less than 5 years old was 1.9 per 100,000 per year. During the same period a survey of purulent meningitis in children younger than 15 years of age was also conducted in 20 hospitals. A total of 198 patients, in whom the causative organisms were identified, were included; 94 patients were 2 months of age or under and the most frequent pathogen was group B streptococci (35 cases, 37%). Among the 104 patients who were older than 2 months of age, H. influenzae was the leading cause (38 cases, 37%). In conclusion, invasive H. influenzae type b (Hib) diseases exist in Taiwan but have an incidence lower than in Western countries. Hib meningitis is still the most common cause of purulent meningitis in children in Taiwan and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Continuous active surveillance of invasive H. influenzae infections is suggested to determine the best time to introduce an Hib conjugate vaccine in Taiwan.
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PMID:Invasive Haemophilus influenzae diseases and purulent meningitis in Taiwan. 887 Apr 29

Elderly subjects are at high risk for pneumonia, with an incidence 4 times that of younger adults and a higher mortality. Factors that contribute to this over-mortality and morbidity are age-related modifications of the immune system and of the respiratory system, co-morbidity, colonization of upper airways by gram-negative bacilli, and immunosuppression (iatrogenic or acquired). Clinical symptoms and signs are sometimes scarce or nonspecific; bacteremia and sepsis are more frequent. Responsible microorganisms are frequently undetermined. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus and respiratory viruses are the most frequently incriminated organisms; the incidence of infection with gram-negative bacilli rises in institutionalized patients or frail elderly subjects. Atypical pneumonias are rare in elderly patients. In this age group prevention is of major importance and consists mainly in vaccination against influenza and S. pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Non-nosocomial pneumonias in the elderly: clinical findings, etiology, therapeutic approach]. 892 54

Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic gram-negative bacterium that causes a myriad of infections in both adults and children. The organism frequently causes respiratory infections in patients with obstructive lung disease but may on occasion cause invasive infections including pneumonia with bacteremia. We report the case of a patient with underlying lung disease and metastatic malignancy in whom sepsis related to pneumonia caused by H. influenzae developed.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae sepsis resulting from pneumonia. 901 24

Five-day-old infant rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody (1 B6) at a dose of 2 mg/kg or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) either 1 h before or 3 or 24 h after inoculation with 10(5) cfu Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). When administered 1 h before infection, 23% of the 1B6- versus 17% of the PBS-treated rats and 87% of the 1B6- versus 83% of the PBS-treated animals died at 24 and 48 h, respectively. There was a similar mortality for 1B6 or PBS treatment at 3 h after infection. Thirteen of 15 (87%) 1B6 animals versus 16/17 (94%) PBS animals had positive CSF cultures at 48 h. No differences in mortality were observed in separate experiments where animals received 1B6 or PBS 3 or 24 h after infection with Hib and were treated with a single ampicillin dose (100 mg/kg) 24 h after infection. The median CSF white blood cell count/mm3 was 5627 and 4860 for the animals with meningitis receiving 1B6 and PBS, respectively, although the 1B6-treated animals had a lower percentage of polymorphonuclear cells in the CSF (P = 0.05). Histologic examination of the meninges, choroid plexus and cochlea showed a slight decrease in the numbers of inflammatory cells in animals treated with 1B6. 1B6 did not change the incidence of meningitis and only slightly decreased the degree of inflammation within the central nervous system, although animals treated with 1B6 have an altered CSF leucocyte response with the presence of more mononuclear cells as opposed to polymorphonuclear cells in their CSF. 1B6 may play a role in inhibiting neutrophil emigration to sites of inflammation within the central nervous system but is not beneficial in decreasing mortality in an infant rat model of H. influenzae type b sepsis and meningitis.
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PMID:Anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody in an infant rat model of Haemophilus influenzae type b sepsis and meningitis. 906 41

Haemophilus influenzae type b, a causative agent of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in young children, contains a single superoxide dismutase (SOD), a cytoplasmic MnSOD. To study the role of this enzyme, a chromosomal sodA::lacZ mutant (M-2) was constructed. M-2 had an increased sensitivity towards oxygen and the redox-active agent paraquat. A 3.4-fold increase in sodA-lacZ expression was found in M-2 grown with oxygen supply rates between 3 and 36 mmol of O2/liter/h. In similar experiments with the wild type, assaying SodA activity, a 3.1-fold increase was found. Both the wild type and M-2 grew best at the lowest oxygen supply rate tested, consistent with the notion that H. influenzae prefers a more anaerobic environment. In the infant rat model of infection, the ability of M-2 to colonize the nasopharynx was found to be impaired, but its ability to cause invasive disease was unaffected. This suggests that after invasion, the growth disadvantage imposed by a SodA- phenotype is not limiting.
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PMID:Role of bacterial Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase in oxidative stress responses, nasopharyngeal colonization, and sustained bacteremia caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. 919 39

Following its introduction into the market, PAPM/BP (panipenem/betamipron) was clinically studied in 188 evaluable cases out of 207 cases primarily of respiratory infectious diseases treated at the pediatric departments of 15 hospitals. In the clinical evaluation, the drug proved effective in three of three cases of sepsis; three of three cases of suppurative meningitis; nine of ten cases of laryngopharyngitis, six of seven cases of tonsillitis, 56 of 63 cases of acute bronchitis, 90 of 98 cases of pneumonia, and one of one case of phyothorax, all of which are respiratory infectious diseases; one of one case of secondary infection of a chronic respiratory disease; and two of two cases of lymphadenitis, which is a disease of the soft dermal structure. The overall efficacy rate was 91.0% (171/188 cases). In the bacteriological study, Gram-positive bacteria were eliminated in five of five strains of S. aureus, 30 of 31 strains of S. pneumoniae (96.8%), and three of three strains of S. pyogenes. Gramnegative bacteria were eliminated in 15 of 17 strains of H. influenzae (88.2%), three of four strains of M. catarrhalis, and two of two strains of K. pneumoniae. The overall elimination rate was 92.1% (70/76 strains). In the 23 strains of S. pneumoniae that were examined, penicillin-resistant strains accounted for 56.5%, showing an elimination rate of 100%. No serious adverse effects were observed, and the incidence of adverse effects was 1.45%. As for abnormalities in laboratory tests, levels of GOT and GPT increased in eight cases (3.88%), LDH increased in one case (0.48%), and neutropenia occurred in one case (0.51%). These results suggest that PAMP/BP could be considered the first choice in the treatment of infectious diseases in pediatrics, due to its effectiveness and high level of safety.
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PMID:[Clinical and bacteriological studies on panipenem/betamipron in pediatrics. Kanagawa Research Group for Infectious Diseases of Children]. 964 2

The Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius causes a fatal septicaemic disease, resembling fulminant meningococcal sepsis, in children. When isolate F3031 was grown under iron-limiting conditions, the presence of several iron-regulated proteins of 38-110 kDa was revealed by electrophoretic analysis and a Fur homologue was shown by immunoblotting. Dot-blot assays and immunoblotting indicated that BPF cells bound human transferrin and contained transferrin-binding proteins in the outer membrane. However, the binding activity and the biosynthesis of these proteins were detected even under iron-rich conditions. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the presence of a periplasmic protein related to the ferric iron-binding protein A (FbpA), the major iron-binding protein described in Neisseria spp. However, the FbpA homologue in strain F3031 was constitutively expressed and was smaller than the periplasmic protein detected in H. influenzae type b strain Eagan. The periplasm of strain F3031 also contained a protein related to the Streptococcus parasanguis FimA protein which recently has been shown to be involved in iron acquisition in Yersinia pestis. Although the Eagan and F3031 FimA homologues had a similar mol. wt, of 31 kDa, the expression of the BPF fimA-like gene was not regulated by the iron concentration of the culture medium.
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PMID:Fur and iron transport proteins in the Brazilian purpuric fever clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. 1040 13

Severe CAP is a life-threatening condition defined by the presence of respiratory failure or symptoms of severe sepsis or septic shock. It accounts for approximately 10% of hospitalized patients with CAP. The majority of patients with severe pneumonia have underlying comorbid illnesses, with COPD, alcoholism, chronic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus being the most frequent. S. pneumoniae, Legionella spp, GNEB (especially K. pneumoniae), H. influenzae, S. aureus/spp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory viruses (especially influenza viruses), and P. aeruginosa represent the most important causative organisms of severe CAP. Rapid initiation of appropriate antimicrobial treatment is crucial for a favorable outcome. Initial antimicrobial treatment should be based on an epidemiological (empiric) approach. Microbial investigation may be helpful in the individual case but is probably more useful to define local antimicrobial policies based on local epidemiologic and susceptibility patterns. Mortality rates range from 21% to 54%. The most important prognostic factors include general health state of the patient, appropriateness of initial antimicrobial treatment, and the existence of bacteremia, as well as factors reflecting severe respiratory failure, severe sepsis, septic hypotension or shock, and the extent of infiltrates in chest radiograph. Initial antimicrobial treatment should consist of a second (or third) generation cephalosporin and erythromycin. Modifications of this basic regimen should be considered in the presence of distinct comorbid conditions and risk factors for distinct pathogens. Promising new approaches of nonantimicrobial treatment, including noninvasive ventilation, treatment of hypoxemia, and immunomodulation, are under investigation.
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PMID:Severe community-acquired pneumonia. 1051 5

During the 16 months from January 1, 1996 through April 30, 1997, forty-three cases of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease were identified in residents younger than 14 years of age in Taiwan. H. influenzae serotyping was performed on all isolated specimens. There were 33 (76.7%) cases of type b disease; three (7.0%), non-type b, and seven (16.3%), nontypeable cases. Among these H. influenzae type b cases, there were 18 (54.5%) male patients and 15 (45.5%) female patients. With regard to age-distribution, nine (27.3%) patients were aged 2 to 5 years; nine (27.3%), between 1 to 2 years; fifteen (45.5%), younger than 1; and none were younger than 3 months old. Demographical study indicated that 13 patients (39.4%) located in northern Taiwan; 5 (15.2%), central Taiwan; 12 (36.4%), southern Taiwan; 3 (9.0%) from eastern Taiwan. Among the 33 H. influenzae type b cases, twenty-five (75.8%) patients had meningitis and 8 patients had other disease entities, i.e. pneumonia in 4 patients, bacteremia in 3, and cellulitis in 1. In terms of prognosis, three (9.1%) patients died, all of whom having meningitis or sepsis; 7 (21.2%) developed hydrocephalus; 2 (6.1%) had seizure disorder without hydrocephalus and 21 (63.6%) patients recovered completely without sequelae.
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PMID:Prospective surveillance of children with invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in Taiwan. 1065 Apr 90

Over the past 25 years, morbidity and mortality have decreased significantly in children with sickle cell disease, and screening tests are now available to diagnose the disease in newborns. The incidence of sepsis caused by pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae infections has declined because of the prophylactic administration of penicillin soon after birth and the timely administration of pneumococcal and H. influenzae type b vaccines. Optimal nutrition can maximize growth in children with sickle cell disease, and timely screening can identify complications such as retinal damage and chronic renal involvement, thereby ensuring prompt treatment. Family physicians and parents who have been educated about sickle cell disease can detect acute, life-threatening complications such as splenic sequestration crisis and acute chest syndrome at their onset, thereby allowing treatment to be instituted without delay.
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PMID:Sickle cell disease in childhood: Part I. Laboratory diagnosis, pathophysiology and health maintenance. 1099 28


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