Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zinc sulfadiazine is a new compound which is effective in vitro and in vivo against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burned mice and rats. It contains an important body constituent, zinc, and appears to expedite wound healing, diminish weight loss after infected burns and improve food intake. Like silver sulfadiazine, it prevents the postburn changes in plasma proteins. After topical application, the uptake of the radioactively labeled zinc is significant in the zone of injury and negligible in organs and body fluids. The binding to deoxyribonucleic acid by zinc is similar to, but less than, that by silver. The data indicate that zinc sulfadiazine may be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the control of burn wound sepsis.
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PMID:Zinc sulfadiazine for topical therapy of pseudomonas infection in burns. 81 19

We describe our experimental studies of a powder formulated to treat serious burn wounds on-the-scene. The wound powder comprises two parts silver-citro-allantoinate, two parts zinc allantoinate and 96 parts pure allantoin. The back skin of 62 rats was shaved and exposed to actively boiling water for ten seconds, resulting in third degree burns of 20% of the total body surface. Immediately, 1 ml of a culture containing 2 X 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was applied to the burn. The animals were isolated. Of the 30 control rats, six were powdered with allantoin only. Thirty-two rats were dusted with the silver-zinc-allantoin powder within 15 minutes of burning. Cultures were taken at 48 hour intervals. Eighty-seven percent of the control animals died an average of six days postburn. In the treated animals, the mortality was 15%. A mean of 27% of the applied silver (0.35 gm) became incorporated in the eschar. In all control rats, sepsis was detected under the eschar. In treated animals, bacterial concentration fell from an initial average of 5 X 10(4) at 4 hours postburn to 6 X 10(2) at 96 hours.
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PMID:The use of silver-zinc-allantoin powder for the prehospital treatment of burns. 87 Jul 34

Behind many clinical cases with recurrent, severe infections, absesses, delayed wound healing and especially in antibiotic resistant sepsis some granulocyte function abnormalities can be detected. The abnormalities are of inherited and acquired origin. The inherited dysfunctions are discussed here in details, but the appearance of some failures in neutrophil functions should be taken into consideration when examining patients with other diseases (e.g. diabetes, infections, periodontal disease, zinc deficiency, malignancies, uremia etc.). The main clinical tools for the diagnosis of the qualitative abnormalities in neutrophil functions are chemotaxis with migration, and an NBT test with and without stimulation, as a first indication. Any deviation in the result of these function tests requires further determinations.
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PMID:When should granulocyte function be checked? 133 55

This study examines nutritional status and clinical outcomes, including pressure ulcers and death in 40 chronically tube-fed long-term care patients. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary data were collected over a 3-month period, with follow-up of mortality at 1 year. Subjects' functional and cognitive status was generally poor. Adequate calories and protein were provided, with sample means exceeding standard means for energy, protein and micronutrients. Still, subjects showed weight loss and severe depletion of lean and fat body mass. Mean serum protein and micronutrient status measures were in the low normal range. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum zinc and carotenoid levels were below normal in a sizable proportion of patients. Pressure ulcers were present in 65% of patients. Weight loss was associated with longer time on tube feeding and more pressure ulcers. Negative correlations with ulcer number were observed for cholesterol, albumin, zinc, retinol, alpha-tocopherol and iron. This study shows that despite administration of apparently adequate formula, micronutrient deficiencies and marasmic malnutrition exist in chronically ill patients. Causes may include the combined effects of chronic disease, sepsis, immobility, and severe neurologic deficits. Clinical outcomes may be expressions of an organism-wide diminution of protein synthesis, the cause of which is unknown. For clinical management, serial measures of weight, albumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin and hematocrit are recommended. Future research must address the many subsets of the population of chronically tube-fed patients.
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PMID:Prolonged tube feeding in long-term care: nutritional status and clinical outcomes. 161 83

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a peptide secreted by macrophages in response to endotoxin that can produce many of the changes seen in septic shock. After cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) rats gradually develop tachycardia, hypotension, tachypnea, and hypothermia. At 5 h post-CLP, rats have a peak in serum levels of endotoxin and 60% of rats have blood cultures that grow Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia). At 20 h post-CLP all rats develop positive blood cultures. Serum levels of TNF are not reproducibly measurable in rats following CLP. Rats undergoing CLP have a 50-80% mortality with deaths usually occurring 24-72 h postinjury. Repetitive (twice daily x 6 d) i.p. injection of sublethal doses of recombinant human TNF-alpha (100 micrograms/kg) to rats undergoing CLP 1 d after the treatment period resulted in a significant reduction in mortality compared to control rats previously unexposed to rTNF (P less than 0.03). Animals treated with rTNF had no hypotension or hypothermia after CLP and regained normal food intake faster than control rats. 12 h after CLP the gene expression for manganous superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), an inducible mitochondrial metalloenzyme responsible for cellular resistance to injury from toxic reactive oxygen species, was higher in livers of rats treated with rTNF suggesting that the TNF treatment augmented expression of this protective enzyme. Unlike MnSOD, expression of the gene for copper-zinc SOD was not affected by CLP or rTNF treatment. The results suggest that prior treatment with recombinant TNF can ameliorate the lethality, hypotension, hypothermia, and anorexia of Gram-negative sepsis in rats and that the mechanism may be related to enhanced hepatic expression of the gene for MnSOD. Repeated administration of recombinant TNF may be a strategy to minimize mortality and morbidity of Gram-negative sepsis.
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PMID:Treatment with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects rats against the lethality, hypotension, and hypothermia of gram-negative sepsis. 205 27

A method for synthesis of zinc chlorophyllin a (I), a promising drug for clinical application, is presented. Taking silkworm faeces as a raw material. Chlorophyll was extracted with ethyl alcohol. After concentration the solid formed was dissolved in petroleum ether and the solution was subjected to column chromatography to separate pheophytin a and chlorophyll a. The products were dissolved in ethyl ether and the Mg in the products was stripped off with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The excess hydrochloric acid in the solution was neutralized with ammonia solution and the mixture was hydrolyzed with diluted hydrochloric acid to obtain pheophorbide a, then (I) was synthesized with pheophorbide a and zinc salt. The characteristics of (I) and pheophorbide a were checked by IR, UV and elemental analyses. All results of pheophorbide a coincided with those values reported in literature. The acute toxicity of (I) was tested in mice and the LD50 of (I) was 324 +/- 40 mg/kg. (I) has been applied in several hospitals for several months. It has been found that (I) has outstanding effects on burns and oral sepsis and that it increases the growth of granulation tissue and epithelium remarkably.
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PMID:[Synthesis of zinc chlorophyllin a and its preliminary clinical application]. 209 78

A case is presented of a 57-year-old male patient who underwent total gastrectomy due to gastric adenocarcinoma. During the postoperative period the patient required long-term parenteral nutrition due to a high-debit GI fistula (over 700 ml/day) and sepsis. Two months after parenteral nutrition was started, the patients presented irritability, mucocutaneous lesions and progressive bolding. Serum alkaline phosphatase and zinc levels were lower than normal, although a supplemental 0.03 mg/k/day of zinc was administered. Faced with this zinc deficiency picture, 10 mg zinc sulfate was administered parenterally on a daily basis. The deficiency picture improved markedly over a week's period, and serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase levels returned to normal. The importance of zinc balance control in patients under long-term parenteral nutrition and high fluid debit through GI fistulas is highlighted.
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PMID:[Zinc deficiency caused by postgastrectomy fistula with high flow in a patient undergoing prolonged parenteral nutrition]. 212 25

An increasingly large number of dietary components have been found to alter immune system function and, therefore, may be considered to have a pharmacologic effect (pharmacologic nutrition). Those dietary factors which have already been shown to influence outcome by producing a pharmacologic effect rather than correcting or preventing a simple deficiency include proteins (both type and amount), arginine, glutamine, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, the metals iron and zinc, and the vitamins E, C, and A. Therapeutic outcome has already been influenced by dietary therapy (pharmacologic nutrition) in patients after burn injury or who have vascular diseases, and in experimental animals for the prevention of gut origin sepsis, the prevention and treatment of infection, prevention and development of secondary lesions in autoimmune diseases, augmentation of immunosuppression in transplantation, and in the treatment of cancer. Nutritional therapy using disease-specific formulations or supplements is an old idea now undergoing rapid evolution to increasing importance for successful therapeutic outcome.
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PMID:Future prospects for adjunctive therapy: pharmacologic and nutritional approaches to immune system modulation. 240 69

Although zinc is essential for the optimum function of the immune system, there is some controversy regarding treatment with zinc during acute infections where low serum zinc levels are often recorded. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of in vitro and in vivo zinc supplementation on the potentially toxic metabolic activity of peritoneal macrophages during infection. Rats were made septic by implanting a gelatin capsule containing known amounts of E. coli, and Bacteroides fragilis into the abdomen. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested by peritoneal lavage 72 hours after the induction of sepsis. Superoxide release was measured after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or serum treated zymosan (STZ). Macrophages from septic rats released significantly higher amounts of superoxide compared with macrophages from sham operated controls after stimulation with both PMA and STZ. Following in vitro supplementation, zinc inhibited the superoxide production of macrophages harvested from septic rats after stimulation with both PMA and STZ. In vivo supplementation with zinc resulted in increased superoxide production from septic macrophages when stimulated with STZ, whereas stimulation with PMA produced no significant changes. Thus, in vitro incubation inhibited the superoxide production of peritoneal macrophages in intraabdominal sepsis, whilst in vivo administration of zinc produced no such effect, and the effect seemed to vary depending on the stimuli used to initiate the respiratory burst.
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PMID:Superoxide production of peritoneal macrophages in experimental gram-negative sepsis; influence of in vitro and in vivo supplements of zinc. 254 41

Pressure ulcers are a common problem for older persons. Complications associated with pressure ulcers include infection and even death for some patients. Pressure is the primary pathogenic factor, but shearing forces, friction, and moisture are also important. Immobility, nutritional status, and age-related factors seem to be significant risk factors. Preventive care includes use of assessment tools to identify high risk patients, frequent repositioning, air or foam mattresses that reduce pressure over bony prominences, as well as careful attention to optimizing the overall patient condition. When pressure ulcers do develop, the treatment plan should include adequate nutrition including protein, vitamin C, and zinc supplements as indicated; systemic antibiotics for sepsis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, or the prevention of bacterial endocarditis; and local wound care that eliminates necrotic tissue, decreases bacterial load, and provides a physiologic, pressure-free environment allowing the wound to heal. Specialized beds may be considered in some patients, particularly those with larger ulcers. Surgery is an option in older persons who are operative candidates. For some patients with pressure ulcers, appropriate treatment goals may focus on providing comfort rather than curing the ulcer.
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PMID:The prevention and management of pressure ulcers. 268 75


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