Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pharmacokinetics and clinical study of aztreonam (AZT) in neonates and premature infants were conducted with the following results: 1. Pharmacokinetics (1) Serum concentrations of AZT at 30 minutes after one-shot intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg to neonates including premature infants were 20.6-26.6 micrograms/ml and 38.5-46.4 micrograms/ml, respectively, and decreased thereafter. A dose response was observed in the serum concentrations with administration of AZT 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. (2) Serum half-lives (T1/2) tended to be shorter in both mature and premature infants as their day-ages increased and T1/2 tended to be prolonged in premature infants compared with mature infants. (3) Changes in serum concentration upon one-hour intravenous drip infusion of AZT 20 mg/kg were very similar to those upon one-shot intravenous injection. (4) Urinary excretions in the first 6 hours after one-shot intravenous injection of AZT 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg tended to increase in mature infants as they grew and showed excretion rate of 26.2-54.3% but those in premature infants did not show any specific tendency with rate of 17.5-45.1%. Urinary excretions upon intravenous drip-infusion showed a tendency very similar to those upon intravenous injection. 2. Clinical studies (1) Clinically evaluable cases of AZT treatment were 88 cases (91 diseases), in which pathogenic organisms were identified in 56 cases (Group A), i.e., sepsis 9, purulent meningitis 2, pneumonia 8, urinary tract infection (UTI) 33 and others. Total efficacy rate was 98.2% including "excellent" (39), "good" (16) and "fair" (1). Number of cases in which pathogenic organisms were unknown (Group B) was 11, i.e., suspected sepsis (4), pneumonia (3) and intrauterine infection (4) and the efficacy rate was 100% with "excellent" (4) and "good" (7). Thus, both group A and B showed excellent results. AZT was also given to 24 cases for prophylaxis and all the cases showed prophylactic effect of AZT.4+ Bacteriologically AZT was deemed effective in 53 cases out of 56 (Group A) with identified pathogens "eradicated" and "unchanged" (2), thus the bacterial eradication rate was 96.2%. (3) A minor degree of loose feces was observed in 1 (1.3%) of 80 cases as a side effect. Abnormal laboratory test values found were eosinophilia (3 cases), elevation of GOT and GPT (2), platelet-increase (1), elevation of GOT (1), and thrombocytopenia.elevation of GOT.GPT.LDH (1). Every one of these was of a minor degree and transient. From the above pharmacokinetics and clinical results, standard dosage of AZT to neonates and premature infants should be in a unit dose of 20 mg/kg, twice daily to those with ages between 0 and 3 days, and 2 to 3 times daily to those with ages 4 days and above, by intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion.
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies on aztreonam in neonates and premature infants (the first report). Study on effectiveness and safety in mono-therapy with aztreonam. A study of aztreonam in the Perinatal Co-research Group]. 219 68

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on aztreonam (AZT) were performed in neonates. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of AZT were determined in 12 neonates with ages between 0 and 7 days (birth weights were between 1,260 and 3,500 g) upon intravenous injection or 1 hour drip intravenous infusion of AZT at 20 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of AZT at 1 hour after i.v. administration were 54.0 +/- 12.5 micrograms/ml, and half-lives were 6.01 +/- 0.70 hours. Serum concentrations of AZT reached their peaks at the end of drip infusion with levels of 42.1 +/- 17.6 micrograms/ml in the d.i.v. group and half-lives were 6.40 +/- 1.88 hours. Urinary recovery rates in the first 12 hours after administration were 28.5 +/- 6.4% for the i.v. group and 32.3 +/- 13.9% for the d.i.v. group. AZT was administered to 12 neonatal patients (2 cases of sepsis, 2 cases of suspected sepsis, 3 cases of pneumonia, 2 cases of urinary tract infection and 3 cases for prophylaxis), and clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated. Clinical efficacies in 9 cases except 3 cases with prophylactic use were excellent in 1 case, good in 5 cases, fair in 1 case, poor in 1 case and unknown in 1 case, thus the efficacy rate was 75%. Bacteriological effects in 3 strains with Gram-negative bacilli were eradicated in 2 strains and unchanged in 1 strain, hence the bacteriological eradication rate was 66.7%. Increased GOT and GPT were observed in 1 cases as abnormal laboratory test results, but the abnormality was not serious.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies on aztreonam in neonates]. 237 97

During 8 months from October 1986 to May 1987, the clinical efficacy of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) was evaluated in 63 pediatric inpatients with various infections. Clinical efficacies were evaluable in 58 patients among them (consisting of 2 patients with sepsis, 3 with tonsillitis, 12 with bronchitis, 6 with bronchopneumonia, 24 with pneumonia, 1 with phlegmon, 2 with lymphadenitis, 1 with impetigo and 7 with urinary tract infection) and were excellent in 40 patients and good in 17 with an overall efficacy rate of 98.3%. Bacteriological efficacies were assessed in 25 patients and 27 strains of organisms (consisting of 3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 beta-Streptococcus, 1 Gram-positive cocci, 5 Escherichia coli, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes, 7 Haemophilus influenzae, 2 Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 1 Branhamella catarrhalis, 1 Proteus mirabilis and 1 Salmonella subgenus I). Bacteriological eradication rates were 88.9% for Gram-positive organisms, 66.7% for Gram-negative organisms and 74.1% overall. No superinfection was observed in any of patients treated. Side effects and clinical laboratory parameter abnormalities observed consisted of diarrhea in 7 (11.1%) of the 63 patients, eosinophilia in 2 (3.3%) of 61 tested, thrombocytosis in 3 (5.5%) of 55, elevation of direct bilirubin in 1 (3.3%) of 30, elevation of total bilirubin in 1 (3.1%) of 32, elevation of GOT in 4 (6.8%) of 59 and elevation of GPT in 1 (1.7%) of 59 patients tested. As an effect on the hemostatic mechanism of this drug, PIVKA II was detected in 1 patient (4.2%) of 24 tested, but findings of other coagulation tests were normal and none of patients showed bleeding tendency or inhibition of platelet aggregation. From the above results, it appears that SBT/ABPC is an efficacious and safe drug in the treatment of bacterial infections of pediatric patients.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical studies on sulbactam/ampicillin in the field of pediatrics]. 266 49

Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies of imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS), a combined preparation of a new carbapenem antibiotic and a dehydropeptidase-I inhibitor, respectively, were carried out in neonates and premature infants in a joint study by a co-research group. 1. Peak blood levels of IPM/CS when administered at 10 mg/10 mg/kg or 20 mg/20 mg/kg by 30- or 60-minute intravenous drip infusion were achieved at the end of infusion. A dose response was clearly observed between the doses and the peak levels achieved. 2. The areas under the blood concentration time curve (AUC) of CS were greater than those of IPM in most patients. Blood half-lives of IPM and CS tended to be longer in younger neonates and premature infants than in older subjects. The blood half-life of CS tended to be longer than that of IPM. 3. Cumulative urinary recovery rates of CS were greater than those of IPM, cumulative urinary recovery rates tended to be greater in older neonates and premature infants than younger subjects. 4. One hundred and thirteen patients were treated for bacterial infections with IPM/CS and 32 patients were treated prophylactically. Daily doses of IPM/CS ranged from 9 mg/9 mg/kg to 150 mg/150 mg/kg. 5. Clinical efficacies of IPM/CS were evaluated in a total of 56 patients with identified etiologic pathogens. The efficacy rate was 98.2% with 33 patients rated as excellent, 22 patients as good and 1 patient as fairly good. (Diagnoses were sepsis in 10 patients and meningitis in 2 patients, etc.) Fifty-seven patients with no identified etiologic pathogens were rated as excellent for 22 patients, good for 34 patients and fairly good for 1. The efficacy rate in these patients was 98.2%. Thirty-two patients were treated prophylactically and the results obtained were satisfactory. 6. Bacteriologically, the eradication rate was 94.5% in 56 patients; i.e., 52 were eradicated, 2 were decreased, 1 persisted and 1 was unknown. 7. Adverse effects were observed in 7 (4.4%) of 160 patients, i.e., 2 patients had diarrhea and 2 patients had rash, etc. Abnormal laboratory data considered related to the therapy occurred in 28 (17.6%) of 159 patients, with 10 patients with eosinophilia (6.3%) and elevation of GOT and/or GPT, etc. All these were non serious, and all values returned to normal after discontinuance of therapy. An abnormal prothrombin (PIVKA II) was observed in 1 of 10 patients tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in neonates and premature infants. A study of imipenem/cilastatin sodium by a perinatal co-research group]. 267 29

The new antibiotic, sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) was administered to 25 children. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. In 5 cases of children administered with SBT/ABPC (30 mg/kg) by intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes, the mean values of T 1/2 (beta) were 0.94 hour (SBT) and 0.86 hour (ABPC) and the mean 6.5 hour urinary excretion rates were 64.2% and 42.9%, respectively. 2. The antibiotic was administered to a total of 25 patients with bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, bronchitis, cervical lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, streptococcal infection, urinary tract infection, felon, periappendicular abscess, sepsis or purulent meningitis. Response to the treatment were excellent in 17 cases, good in 7, fair in 1, and poor in none. The efficacy rate was 96%. From our results, this drug appears to be particularly effective against bronchopneumonia, bronchitis and urinary tract infection. 3. Eruption occurred in 1 of 25 patients and elevation of eosinophil, GOT/GPT, platelet in 3 and descent of WBC in 1 were observed, but these were transient. These results showed that SBT/ABPC is a drug which can be safely used in the pediatric field as well as for adults.
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on sulbactam/ampicillin in the pediatric field]. 274 48

A combination drug of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) was intravenously administrated to 18 patients with ages 3 months to 10 years 10 months with various acute infections including 14 cases of pneumonia, 1 case each of tonsillitis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, empyema and suspected sepsis. Clinical responses were excellent in 14 cases and good in 4 cases. Bacteriological responses of 8 isolated strains were: 7 strains were eradicated and 1 strain was decreased. No side effect was observed in any case. Eosinophilia was observed in 2 cases, thrombocytosis in 2 cases, elevation of GOT in 1 case and elevations of GOT and GPT in 1 case. From the above results, it seemed that SBT/ABPC was a useful drug for the treatment of bacterial infections in the pediatric field.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical study on sulbactam/ampicillin in the pediatric field]. 274 52

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) were performed in neonates. The results were as follow: 1. A total of 27 patients consisting of 17 mature and 10 immature infants were treated with IPM/CS. Each dose was 20 mg/20 mg/kg, and it was administered 2 approximately 3 times daily, in a 1-hour intravenous drip infusion for 3 approximately 12 days. The clinical efficacy of IPM/CS in 10 patients with bacterial infections (2 with sepsis, 3 with suspected sepsis, 2 with pneumonia, 2 with urinary tract infection and 1 with acute omphalitis) was evaluated as excellent in all patients, with an efficacy rate of 100%. All 5 causative organisms found in 5 patients (Staphylococcus aureus in 1, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1, Escherichia coli in 2 and Flavobacterium meningosepticum in 1) were eradicated. Among 27 patients administered IPM/CS, adverse reactions were observed in 2 patients. These were rash and diarrhea. As for abnormal laboratory test values, elevations of GOT and GPT were observed. 2. MICs of IPM against 14 clinical isolates (S. epidermidis 1, S. aureus 6, Streptococcus agalactiae 4, E. coli 1, Enterobacter cloacae 1 and F. meningosepticum 1) from neonatal patients with bacterial infections were examined. IPM showed good antibacterial activity comparable to that of cefotaxime against S. agalactiae; however, the activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus was poor. 3. Serum levels of IPM and CS were investigated in a total of 22 patients consisting of 15 mature and 7 immature infants after 20 mg/20 mg/kg of IPM/CS was administered. IPM and CS produced peak serum levels at the end of the drip infusion. In mature infants, peak serum levels of IPM and CS were 31.8 micrograms/ml (17.1 approximately 59.0 micrograms/ml) and 59.9 micrograms/ml (35.6 approximately 99.0 micrograms/ml), respectively. In low birth weight infants, these were 25.0 micrograms/ml (16.8 approximately 41.8 micrograms/ml) and 55.2 micrograms/ml (33.8 approximately 82.4 micrograms/ml), respectively. Half-lives of IPM and CS were 1.0 approximately 2.7 hrs. and 0.9 approximately 7.4 hrs. in mature infants, and 1.6 approximately 3.0 hrs. and 1.3 approximately 9.7 hrs. in immature infants, respectively. Generally the longer half-lives were observed in the younger neonates. Serum levels of CS remained higher and half-lives of CS were longer than those of IPM. The pharmacokinetics in neonates were different from those in adults or children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium in neonates]. 274 57

Twenty three neonates and young infants were treated with imipenem/cilastatin sodium (IPM/CS) and its clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated. Ages of the patients ranged from 0 to 83 days, and their body weights ranged from 750 to 4,760 g. Doses of IPM/CS ranged from 17.4 to 21.5 mg/kg as IPM every 6 to 12 hours for 3 to 12 days. Sixteen patients with infections including sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia, appeared to have responded to the IPM/CS treatment. Among them, clinical results were excellent in 2, good in 12 and fair in 2 patients. The drug was well tolerated, but 1 patient had diarrhea, 1 had redness of body during infusion, 1 had elevated GOT and GPT, and 2 patients showed only elevated values of GOT only among the 23 patients. The pharmacokinetics of IPM/CS were studied in 7 patients. Their ages ranged from 0 to 9 days, and body weights ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 kg. Serum concentrations of IPM were between 18.0 and 96.9 micrograms/ml and those of CS ranged 31.7 and 144.5 micrograms/ml in 6 patients at the end of intravenous drip infusion 20 mg/20 mg/kg during 30 or 60 minutes. Elimination half-lives of IPM ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 hours, and those of CS ranged from 1.4 to 2.7 hours. Serum concentrations of IPM was 14.7 micrograms/ml and that of CS was 32.4 micrograms/ml in 1 patient at the end of 30 minute-drip infusion 10 mg/10 mg/kg. The elimination half-lives of IPM was 1.5 hours, and that of CS was 2.9 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in neonates and young infants]. 321 Feb 99

Ceftazidime (CAZ) was evaluated for its pharmacokinetics and clinical usefulness in neonates and premature infants. The results obtained were summarized below. Following intravenous injection of CAZ 10 or 20 mg/kg to neonates and premature infants, dose response was observed in serum concentrations ranging from 5.1 to 21.9 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after the injection. The serum half-life tended to be longer in premature infants than in neonates; the half-life being longer for an infant with lower day-age. Urinary recovery rates during the first 6 hours after single administrations of 10 mg/kg of CAZ tended to be higher in neonates than in premature infants, and higher rates were observed in older infants. However, no noticeable difference was observed after the administration of CAZ 20 mg/kg. Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 99 neonates and 55 premature infants (156 infections), daily doses ranging from 21.1 to 246.4 mg/kg. Out of 105 cases of common infections, mainly 44 cases with causative organisms identified (including 17 of sepsis, 7 of pneumonia, 4 of purulent meningitis, 11 of urinary tract infections) were examined for the clinical efficacy. The efficacy of CAZ was excellent in 21, good in 18, fair in 1 and poor in 4, with the efficacy rate of 88.6%. In the remaining 61 cases, i.e., 37 with causative organisms unknown and 24 with signs of intrauterine infections, the efficacy rate was 95.1%. Other than these cases, additional 51 cases were given CAZ solely for prophylaxis of infections, and the results were found satisfactory. On the whole, clinical efficacy rate of CAZ was 94.9% in 156 cases. Out of the 44 cases examined for bacteriological responses, 38 were evaluated as 'eradicated', 3 'persisted' and 3 'unknown' with eradication rate of 92.7%. Replacement of organisms (superinfection) was observed in 3 cases. Out of 179 cases in which adverse effects were assessable, adverse effects were observed in a total of 4 cases (2.2%), i.e., 3 cases of diarrhea (1.7%) and 1 case of rash (0.6%), and abnormal laboratory findings were observed in a total of 14 cases (7.8%), i.e., increase in eosinophiles count in 8 (4.5%), elevation of GOT in 3 (1.7%), increase in platelet, elevation of GOT . GPT, and elevation of GOT . GPT . BUN in 1 case each (0.6%). None of them were severe and they were transient. Elevations of bilirubin and cases of positive PIVKA II associated with CAZ were not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[A pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of ceftazidime in neonates and premature infants. A study of ceftazidime in the perinatal co-research group]. 354 Mar 39

Ceftazidime (CAZ) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 27 newborns. Four confirmed cases of bacterial infections were cured by the CAZ therapy (efficacy rate 100%). The CAZ was assessed as effective in sepsis (2) and urinary tract infections (2). Main pathogens which responded to CAZ were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter anitratum. As adverse effects, elevations of GOT and GPT (1 case) were found to be associated with the CAZ therapy. Half-lives of the serum levels in mature infants were 1.93-3.52 hours, and those in low birth weight infants were 2.92-4.17 hours. Penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid in 1 case of viral meningitis was satisfactory. The data suggest that CAZ is a safe and effective injectable antibiotic when used in newborn with infection caused by CAZ-susceptible bacteria.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical evaluation of ceftazidime in the treatment of neonatal infections]. 354 Mar 41


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>