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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors studied 100 acute cholecystitis treated between 1984 and 1990. In 71.4% of the cases it was associated with gallstones and 28.6% were primary acalculous cholecystitis. Two percent were postoperative. 77 patients underwent surgery. 14.3% needed an emergency operation due to acute abdominal syndrome and sepsis. In the remaining patients, the surgical procedure was performed days or weeks later according to the course of the disease, the surgeons criteria, and family and social-labour conditions. Based on these criteria, 31.7% had surgery during the first week, 23.8% in the second and 44.5% in the third or later. Cholecystectomy was the surgical procedure performed in 98.7% of the cases. Morbidity rate was 11.6% and mortality 3.9%. Analysis of morpho-clinical grades has been done in relation with the type of cholecystitis, the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease. Finally the different factors used to argue for an early or delayed surgical treatment are discussed.
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PMID:[Acute cholecystitis: an evaluation of the factors that determine the start of surgical treatment]. 845 99

This study reports major gastrointestinal complications in a group of 416 patients following kidney transplantation. Three hundred and ninety-nine patients received a cadaveric kidney while the other 17 received a living related organ. The immunosuppressive regimen changed somewhat during the course of the study but included azathioprine, prednisolone, antilymphocyte globulin, and cyclosporin. Perforations occurred in the colon (n = 6), small bowel (n = 4), duodenum (n = 2), stomach (n = 1), and esophagus (n = 1). There were five cases of acute pancreatitis, four of upper gastrointestinal and two of lower intestinal hemorrhage, two of acute appendicitis, one of acute cholecystitis, one postoperative mesenteric infarction, and two small bowel obstructions. Fifty percent of the complications occurred while patients were being given high-dose immunosuppression to manage either the early postoperative period or episodes of acute rejection. Ten percent of the complications had an iatrogenic cause. Of the 31 patients affected, 10 (30%) died as a direct result of their gastrointestinal complication. This high mortality appears to be related to the effects of the immunosuppression and the associated response to sepsis. Reduction of these complications can be achieved by improved surgical management, preventive measures, prompt diagnosis, and a reduced immunosuppressive protocol.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal surgical emergencies following kidney transplantation. 849 65

Acute cholecystitis is a common disease which may carry the risk of complications, including empyema, perforation, abscess, peritonitis and sepsis. Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the gallbladder (PTGBD) with antibiotics can provide prompt decompression of gallbladder in acute cholecystitis and interrupt the natural history of the disease effectively. From July 1986 to June 1996, 154 patients with acute cholecystitis were reviewed retrospectively in Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital. The chief symptoms and signs were pain (98.1%), fever (57.1%) and jaundice (37.7%). WBC count more than 10,000 was noted in 116 (75.3%) patients. Associated diseases included empyema: 42 (27.3%), septic shock: 14 (9.1%), diabetes mellitus: 13 (8.4%), pancreatitis: 10 (6.5%), perforation: 7 (4.5%), liver cirrhosis: 6 (3.9%) and respiratory failure: 1 (0.6%). All of them underwent ultrasound-guided PTGBD immediately after the diagnosis was established. The symptoms and signs disappeared soon after this procedure. Bacterial culture was found positive in 104 (67.5%) of 154 patients in which Escherichia coli (51.9%) was the most common organism, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (20.2%). After acute stage, 138 patients obtained the cholangiography via PTGBD tube. Gallbladder stones were only noted in 56 (40.6%) patients, gallbladder stone concomitant with common bile duct stone in 26 (18.8%), cystic duct obstruction in 25 (18.1%), acalculous cholecystitis in 21 (15.2%), gallbladder perforation in 1 (0.7%), choledochocyst in 1 (0.7%), and cholecystocolonic fistula in 1 (0.7%). There were 135 patients to undergo surgery after the clinical condition was stable. The operative findings included gallbladder stones only in 88 (65.2%), gallbladder stone concomitant with common bile duct stone in 34 (25.2%), acalculous cholecystitis in 13 (9.6%), choledochocyst in 1 (0.7%), and cholecysto-colonic fistula in 1 (0.7%). The postoperative complications included wound infection 8 (5.9%), UGI bleeding 3 (2.2%), acute renal failure 1 (0.7%) and acute respiratory failure 1 (0.7%). The postoperative mortality rate was 0.7% (1/135), which was much lower than those of previous reports, which not undergoing PTGBD initially. It led us to conclude that PTGBD, as an initial preoperative modality to treat acute cholecystitis, is effective in decreasing postoperative morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic drainage of gallbladder followed by cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis--10 years' experience. 951 85

An 81-year-old woman with unintentional salicylate intoxication presented with features of sepsis, abdominal pain, and tenderness. Laparotomy was performed to rule out acute cholecystitis. Anesthesia was complicated by severe hypercarbia despite hyperventilation, and progressive cardiovascular and neurologic deterioration postoperatively. The adverse neurologic, respiratory, and hepatic effects of abdominal surgery and general anesthesia probably potentiated salicylate toxicity and increased patient morbidity. Anesthesiologists should be aware of the protean manifestations of salicylate poisoning and consider it as a cause of "medical abdomen."
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PMID:Anesthesia in a patient with undiagnosed salicylate poisoning presenting as intraabdominal sepsis. 1043 24

Ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy (UGC) is indicated for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). The advantage of this approach is greatest for critically ill patients who develop AC while in the intensive care unit (ICU). Moreover, in ICU patients with unexplained sepsis UGC serves as a diagnostic maneuver since it may allow the identification of a biliary infection. UGC has a high therapeutic efficacy approaching 100% in patients with a well-established diagnosis of AC. Morbidity is low and almost entirely related to catheter dislodgment. Trans-catheter cholecystocholangiograms (TCC), indispensable for planning any further treatment, must be delayed until the resolution of the sepsis. The risk of recurrence depends on AC etiology. Acalculous AC entails a low recurrence risk and may often be managed non-operatively. After the resolution of the sepsis, all calculous AC should be considered for cholecystectomy. However, if the operative risk remains high the possibility of avoiding the operation depends on the TCC demonstration of the patency of the cystic duct. The catheter should remain in place until operation. In case of non-operative management withdrawal should be delayed until the resolution of the sepsis. Laparoscopy is suitable in case of recent inflammation.
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PMID:[Echo-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis]. 1043 47

Gastrointestinal complications such as peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, bowel ischaemia, and diverticulitis are rare after cardiac surgery (< 1%), but are associated with high morbidity and mortality (about 30%). Hypoperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass seems a possible aetiological factor. As many patients may be mechanically ventilated and sedated, the usual symptoms and signs of an abdominal complication may be masked. It is necessary to keep this possibility in mind in patients with abdominal pain or tenderness, and the usual diagnostic measures should be undertaken if time permits. Initial treatment is usually conservative, but when it fails, prompt intervention is obligatory. Unfortunately surgeons are often reluctant to submit patients to major abdominal operations immediately after cardiac surgery. However, effective and timely intervention may be life-saving in patients who are poorly able to compensate for the major haemodynamic disturbances of the untreated serious bleeding or sepsis. Although the cardiac condition must be taken into consideration, most patients' cardiac function will have improved since their open-heart surgery and they should be able to withstand general anaesthesia and most operations.
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PMID:Intra-abdominal complications after cardiac surgery. 1053 54

In April 1996, a 77-year-old man initially presented with fever, rash and polyarthralgia, and was diagnosed as having low titer cold agglutinin disease with acute hemolytic anemia. The patient's condition and laboratory findings improved after administration of corticosteroid (prednisolone 60 mg). In June 1996, however, he developed acute cholecystitis and died due to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. During the course, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 were correlated with the pathology, and the disease was diagnosed as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Autopsy revealed necrotizing cholecystitis, erythrophagocytosis in the liver, and cytomegalovirus infection in the lung and gall bladder. This was considered to be a rare case of low titer cold agglutinin disease complicated by SIRS.
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PMID:[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by necrotizing cholecystitis after treatment of underlying low titer cold agglutinin disease]. 1123 30

The appearance of acute cholecystitis can make to complicate a natural history of cholelitiasis or post-operating time of patients that have concomitant predisposition factors. The best therapy is the cholecystectomy but somewhere for the critical general conditions is too much dangerous to make a surgical procedure. However we need to stabilize patients conditions, also for a short time. Our experience suggest us that percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy is a simple method without any complications, efficacious to resolve the acute sepsis in patients with cholecystitis that not be able to tolerate a surgical procedure.
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PMID:[Ultrasound-guided trans-parietohepatic cholecystostomy in the critical patient: current indications]. 1187 38

Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) vs conservative treatment (CO) in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. The study was randomized and comprised 123 high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis. All patients fulfilled the ultrasonographic criteria of acute inflammation and had an APACHE II score > or =12. Percutaneous cholecystostomy guided by US or CT was successful in 60 of 63 patients (95.2%) who comprised the PC group. Sixty patients were conservatively treated (CO group). One patient died after unsuccessful PC (1.6%). Resolution of symptoms occurred in 54 of 63 patients (86%). Eleven patients (17.5%) died either of ongoing sepsis (n=6) or severe underlying disease (n=5) within 30 days. Seven patients (11%) were operated on because of persisting symptoms (n=3), catheter dislodgment (n=3), or unsuccessful PC (n=1). Cholecystolithotripsy was performed in 5 patients (8%). Elective surgery was performed in 9 cases (14%). No further treatment was needed in 32 patients (51%). In the CO group, 52 patients (87%) fully recovered and 8 patients (13%) died of ongoing sepsis within 30 days. All successfully treated patients showed clinical improvement during the first 3 days of treatment. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis did not decrease mortality in relation to conservative treatment. Percutaneous cholecystostomy might be suggested to patients not presenting clinical improvement following 3 days of conservative treatment, to critically ill intensive care unit patients, or to candidates for percutaneous cholecystolithotripsy.
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PMID:Acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: percutaneous cholecystostomy vs conservative treatment. 1211 Oct 69

Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC), a technique that consists of percutaneous catheter placement in the gallbladder lumen under imaging guidance, has become an alternative to surgical cholecystostomy in recent years. Indications of PC include calculous or acalculous cholecystitis, cholangitis, biliary obstruction and opacification of biliary ducts. It also provides a potential route for stone dissolution therapy and stone extraction. Under aseptic conditions and ultrasound guidance, using local anesthesia, the procedure is carried out by using either modified Seldinger technique or trocar technique. Transhepatic or transperitoneal puncture can be performed as an access route. Several days after the procedure transcatheter cholangiography is performed to assess the patency of cystic duct, presence of gallstones and catheter position. The tract is considered mature in the absence of leakage to the peritoneal cavity, subhepatic, subcapsular, or subdiaphragmatic spaces. Response rates to PC in the literature are between the range of 56-100% as the variation of different patient population. Complications associated with PC usually occur immediately or within days and include haemorrhage, vagal reactions, sepsis, bile peritonitis, pneumothorax, perforation of the intestinal loop, secondary infection or colonisation of the gallbladder and catheter dislodgment. Late complications have been reported as catheter dislodgment and recurrent cholecystitis. PC under ultrasonographic guidance is a cost-effective, easy to perform and reliable procedure with low complication and high success rates for critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis. It is generally followed by elective cholecystectomy, if possible. However, it may be definitive treatment, especially in acalculous cholecystitis.
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PMID:Percutaneous cholecystostomy. 1220 5


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