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The neonatal morbidity was studied in 7015 neonates born at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi. The incidence of low birth weight babies was 26.7 per cent; one seventh (13.5%) of the series were preterm (less than 37 wk), while 6.6 per cent were 'small-for-dates'. Birth asphyxia of varying severity developed in 5.9 per cent infants. Respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in 5.7 per 100 live-births; most being due to hyaline membrane disease (33.5%), which affected 14.1 per cent of preterm babies. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 5.9 per cent, most of whom were premature. In nearly one-fifth, the cause of jaundice could not be identified after detailed investigations. Minor bacterial infections (conjunctivitis, pyoderma, oral thrush, umbilical sepsis) were observed in 1.8 per cent while major infections (septicemia, meningitis, diarrhoea) in 3.0 per cent. The overall incidence of major malformations was 2.3 per cent. Reasons for low incidence of bacterial infections and common occurrence of hyaline membrane disease in premature infants, are highlighted.
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PMID:A four year study on neonatal morbidity in a New Delhi hospital. 193

A marked reduction in neonatal mortality was achieved during 1986, which can be attributed largely to the decline in the incidence of infections as a result of modification of a few of the routine practices in the Intensive Care Nursery of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi. Over 80% of pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics of AIIMS have 1 or more perinatal high risk factors. All deliveries are performed by obstetricians, and each neonate is managed at birth by 1 or more residents of the neonatology unit. Data on every neonate is recorded on a specially designed case sheet. Cause of neonatal death is classified according to the criteria of Wigglesworth. A monthly report of the census and morbidity mortality data is recorded on a special proforma and discussed in a joint meeting of the staff of the obstetrics and neonatology services. The information presented is based on these monthly reports. A table shows the data on the live births in 1985 and 1986 and their distribution according to birth weight. The total number of live births in the 2 years were nearly the same. There was no significant difference in the neonatal population in different birth weight groups. There were 66 neonatal deaths in 1985 but only 43 in 1986. This significant decline in the neonatal mortality was attributable to reduction in the late neonatal deaths. The neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) dropped from 36.6 in 1985 to 23.9 in 1986. There was a decline in the neonatal mortality rate in birth weight groups from 1001-2500 g. The reduction of deaths in the birth weight group of 1001-1500 g was most pronounced. Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) dropped from 525.4 in 1985 to 377.7 in 1986 in this group. The overall neonatal mortality rate in infants weighing 2500 g or less declined from 12.3 to 8.5%. The difference in the proportion of deaths in relation to individual causes was significant only in the case of sepsis. The decline in the sepsis-related neonatal mortality was a consequence of 2 factors: the incidence of neonatal sepsis declined from 38.2/1000 live births to 18.8/1000 live births; and a definite though less pronounced improvement occurred in the case fatality rate -- 24.6% versus 17.7% in 1985 and 1986, respectively. The significant decline in late neonatal deaths was largely attributed to the reduction in the sepsis-related late neonatal deaths -- 16 versus 3. Sepsis ranked as number 2 as cause of neonatal mortality in 1985; it ranked as number 4 in 1986.
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PMID:Strategies which reduced sepsis-related neonatal mortality. 323 46

According to a 3-year collaborative study estimating maternal mortality rates from 41 hospitals affiliated with teaching centers in India, maternal mortality was 721 per 100,000 live births. Community studies in rural areas of Sirur, Pachod, and Ambula reported maternal mortality as 210-253 per 100,000. Cohort studies conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research reported maternal mortality as 530 per 100,000 based on data from rural areas of Varanasi, 460 per 100,000 in urban Delhi, and 450 per 100,000 in urban Madras. The Ministry of Health gave the rate as 460 per 100,000 in 1984, while UNICEF gave a figure of 400 per 100,000 for 1980-91. India has 1 out of 4 of the world's maternal deaths, or 1 every 6 minutes. The risk of maternal death has been calculated to be one in 64. Risk is unevenly distributed geographically. Risk is low in Kerala compared to Uttar Pradesh or Madya Pradesh. In 1992 maternal mortality was calculated to be 1320 per 100,000 births based on 5 district hospitals. The cause of maternal deaths was anemia in 25% of cases. 75% of cases were accounted for by eclampsia, sepsis, hemorrhage, and abortion. Anemia (pre-existing the pregnancy) is acerbated by the demands of pregnancy and causes congestive heart failure and death. Blood losses of greater than 150 ml (due to hemorrhages of pregnancy and labor) can be fatal. During 1982-89 anemia was responsible for 17-24% of all maternal deaths in rural areas. Morbidity from pregnancy-related causes included obstetric fistulae, pelvic inflammatory disease, anemia, genital prolapse, and urinary incontinence. Quality of maternal care is an important factor in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. Societal factors such as illiteracy and malnutrition, early marriage, poorly supervised pregnancies, and lack of transportation during emergencies are other determinants of mortality and morbidity. About 10% of maternal deaths are attributed to unsafe abortion. The government aim for the year 2000 of 100% prenatal care and care during delivery will require professional commitment and thousands more midwives in rural areas.
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PMID:How safe motherhood in India is. 765 33

During January 1989-September 1991, in India, neonatologists prescribed assisted ventilation (intermittent positive pressure ventilation [IPPV] and continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP]) for 90 neonates born and treated at a tertiary hospital in Delhi. All neonates requiring more than 168 hours of ventilation received IPPV. The smallest surviving neonate weighed 830 g at birth and was born at 26 weeks' gestation. This neonate received 510 hours of ventilation. One neonate received 48 days of ventilation (gestational age at birth, 28 weeks; birth weight, 800 g). This neonate eventually died due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and sepsis. This infant was the only infant to develop NEC. A total of two newborns developed BPD. One infant developed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Indications for ventilation were hyaline membrane disease (HMD) (45/90), apnea (13/90), and transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB) (11/90). Almost all HMD cases who weighed more than 1.5 kg at birth on CPAP survived. CPAP successfully treated all TTNB cases. Nine neonates developed pneumothorax. Three of them survived. 34 neonates developed sepsis, the most common complication. 20 sepsis cases also had underlying pneumonia. Sepsis was responsible for 35% of deaths (14/40). Five infants on IPPV developed persistent pulmonary hypertension (persistent fetal circulation). 35 infants developed infection during ventilation, 34 of whom had a nosocomial infection. The nosocomial infection rate was 37.7%. Nosocomial infection was responsible for 35% of deaths. 12 babies (13%) developed pulmonary air leaks, 50% of whom died. 25 of the 33 infants on CPAP survived. Few CPAP cases developed pulmonary air leak, BPD, and ROP. Six of 22 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (1 kg) survived. These findings led the researchers to recommend that medical centers with basic facilities for level II care should provide neonatal ventilation. They proposed that ventilation may not be cost effective for VLBW newborns, however.
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PMID:Three-year experience with neonatal ventilation from a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. 788 27

The incidence and risk factors for neonatal nosocomial infection were investigated in a cohort study of 134 hospital-born infants transferred to a neonatal unit in New Delhi, India, after birth and observed for up to 72 hours. 22 of the 134 infants developed nosocomial infections. The median age at diagnosis was 184 hours. In 16 of these infants, both sepsis screen and blood culture were positive. Septicemia was diagnosed in 21 neonates; 11 had associated pneumonia and four had soft tissue infection. Multiresistant Klebsiella species was the infectious agent in 68% of cases. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 16.8/1000 patient-days and the device-associated infection rate was 11.9/1000 device-days. Factors significantly associated with neonatal nosocomial infection in the univariate analysis were low birth weight, prematurity, vaginal delivery, hyaline membrane disease, assisted ventilation, and use of peripheral venous and umbilical vascular catheters. In the final multivariate analysis, only birth weight under 1500 g (odds ratio, 3.3) and assisted ventilation for more than 72 hours (odds ratio, 14.2) remained significant risk factors. It was observed in 122 random observations in this hospital that 15-18% of nurses and residents failed to adhere to adequate hand-washing techniques. Strict adherence to aseptic protocols in neonatal units is essential to keep infection rates under control.
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PMID:Neonatal nosocomial infection: profile and risk factors. 933 94

The study aimed at obtaining insights into the processes underlying infant deaths to help identify preventive interventions which may bring down infant mortality rates further. Verbal autopsies were performed on 162 deaths of liveborn infants that occurred in a birth cohort in two urban slums of Delhi, India, between February 1995 and August 1996. A structured verbal autopsy form was used for ascertaining the cause of death. The narratives of caretakers on seeking of care and treatment received for illness were reviewed to identify the actions and behaviours that might have contributed to death. Seeking of care was less common (57%) for illnesses that led to death in the first week of life than at later ages. The first-week deaths commonly (61%) occurred within 24 hours of recognition of illness which might have been too a short time for effective interventions by care providers. Only six of 45 neonates who had features of sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis, major congenital malformations, birth asphyxia, or prematurity were advised by primary care providers for hospitalization. Similarly, only 25 (41%) of 61 older infants who had severe malnutrition and sepsis or meningitis, diarrhoea or pneumonia, or other illnesses were referred to hospital. Parenteral antibiotics were prescribed less often than warranted. Only two of 16 neonates with serious bacterial infections and eight of 19 postneonates with features of sepsis or meningitis received parenteral antibiotics. Inappropriate healthcare practices were common among the practitioners of modern and indigenous systems of medicine and registered medical practitioners. Forty percent of the neonates and a little over half of the older infants, advised for hospitalization, were taken to hospital. Fifteen percent of the infants taken to hospital were refused admission. Of 21 hospitalized infants discharged alive, five (23%) died within 48 hours and 13 (62%) within a week of returning home. A major effort is required to improve skills of healthcare providers of the biomedical and indigenous systems of medicine in caring for neonates and infants. Development of home-based treatment regimens for young infants and objective criteria for their hospitalization and discharge should receive a high priority.
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PMID:Pathways to infant mortality in urban slums of Delhi, India: implications for improving the quality of community- and hospital-based programmes. 1218 95

17 maternal deaths associated with abortion during 1967-1968 at a New Delhi hospital are analyzed. The mortality rate was .25% of total abortions. Age varied from 18-35. Only 1 was unmarried. 62.5% admitted to interference. 81% of the patients had signs of sepsis although no pathogenic organisms were found in 2 of the patients with septicemia, presumably as a result of antibiotic treatment. In most of the cases there was a delay in seeking medical attention. Specific causes of death were hemorrhage and sepsis, although the main factors were probably socioeconomic and delay in seeking advice.
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PMID:The causes of mortality in abortion. 1225 21

In 1984, 99% of abortions conducted in Bombay, India, were of female fetuses. In 1986-87, 30,000-50,000 female fetuses were aborted in India. In 1987-88, 7 Delhi clinics conducted 13,000 sex determination tests. Thus, discrimination against females begins before birth in India. Some states (Maharashtra, Goa, and Gujarat) have drafted legislation to prevent the use of prenatal diagnostic tests (e.g., ultrasonography) for sex determination purposes. Families make decisions about an infant's nutrition based on the infant's sex so it is not surprising to see a higher incidence of morbidity among girls than boys (e.g., for respiratory infections in 1985, 55.5% vs. 27.3%). Consequently, they are more likely to die than boys. Even though vasectomy is simpler and safer than tubectomy, the government promotes female sterilizations. The percentage of all sexual sterilizations being tubectomy has increased steadily from 84% to 94% (1986-90). Family planning programs focus on female contraceptive methods, despite the higher incidence of adverse health effects from female methods (e.g., IUD causes pain and heavy bleeding). Some women advocates believe the effects to be so great that India should ban contraceptives and injectable contraceptives. The maternal mortality rate is quite high (460/100,000 live births), equaling a lifetime risk of 1:18 of a pregnancy-related death. 70% of these maternal deaths are preventable. Leading causes of maternal deaths in India are anemia, hemorrhage, eclampsia, sepsis, and abortion. Most pregnant women do not receive prenatal care. Untrained personnel attend about 70% of deliveries in rural areas and 29% in urban areas. Appropriate health services and other interventions would prevent the higher age specific death rates for females between 0 and 35 years old. Even though the government does provide maternal and child health services, it needs to stop decreasing resource allocate for health and start increasing it.
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PMID:Statistics. 1228 55

From 1959-1964 the incidence of puerperal sterilization was 3.5% at the Lady Hardinge Hospital in New Delhi, an increase over the incidence of 2.15% from 1952-1957. The group analyzed in this study consists of 301 women sterilized during the 1959-64 period. Sterilizations were postpartum (191), during caesarean section or hysterotomy (74), and miscellaneous (36, including post-abortion). Average age was 32.5; average parity was 6.0. The majority had at least 2 male children. Indications for sterilization were socioeconomic (90%), obstetric (7%), and medical (3.3%). Immediate postoperative sequelae, studied in the postpartum cases only, included pyrexia and sepsis at rates of 25% and 24% of postpartum women. The most common late sequelae among all the women were chronic fatigue (44%), menstrual disturbances (28.9%), headache (28%), backache (26.5%), and lower abdominal pain (27.5%). The high incidence of chronic pelvic inflammation, 15%, was probably associated with the use of silk sutures. 2 patients became subsequently pregnant; the pregnancy rate was thus an unsurprising 0.7%.
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PMID:A review of 301 cases of sterilisation. 1233 82

The logistic model used in this study revealed a 0.99923 probability of maternal mortality associated with severe anemia, hemorrhage, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Sensitivity of the model was 89.47%, and accuracy of prediction was 80.7% Other risk factors included in the regression were sepsis, hyperpyrexia, and birth interval. The study sample included 252 maternal deaths occurring between January 1, 1983, and December 21, 1985, at Safdarung Hospital in New Delhi, India, matched to controls; multivariate analysis was performed with 57 matched cases. The risk of anemia alone was nine times higher among women with this history. The adjusted odds ratio with severe anemia and controlling for pregnancy-induced hypertension increased to 9.151. The odds ratio for severe anemia when controlling for pregnancy-induced hypertension and hemorrhage was 8.783. The odds ratio with severe anemia and controls for hemorrhage, hyperpyrexia, and short birth interval was 9.980. The odds ratio with severe anemia and controls for hemorrhage, hyperpyrexia, short birth interval, and pregnancy-induced hypertension was 9.945. With severe anemia and controls for the remaining five risk factors, the odds ratio was 7.010. Management of high-risk mothers should reduce maternal mortality.
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PMID:Management of high risk mothers and maternal mortality in Indian population. 1234 20


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