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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nosocomial infection in the critically ill results from defects in the intrinsic barriers to microbial invasion. The diagnosis is complicated by an inability to perform an adequate physical examination in a patient with several compounding findings, usually necessitating sophisticated technologies to aid in the diagnosis. Pneumonia, line sepsis, urosepsis, sinusitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, and acalculous cholecystitis are the more common infections that challenge the care of the critically ill. Antibiotic therapy is adjunctive to efforts to preserve the barrier, but should be started early, should be targeted as specifically as possible to the offending organisms, and should be dosed adequately to ensure an effective concentration in the infected tissue.
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PMID:Contemporary issues with bacterial infection in the intensive care unit. 1089 68

We have reported a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis occurring after hepatic artery embolization in a woman sustaining multiple traumatic injuries. Although many classical factors such as shock, sepsis, transfusion or narcotic administration may be involved in the genesis of gall-bladder necrosis, we have discussed the possible involvement of hepatic artery embolization in the ischaemic process. Indeed, this mechanism has already been reported in non traumatic patient following hepatic tumor chemoembolization.
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PMID:[Acute acalculous cholecystitis following hepatic artery embolism in multiple trauma]. 1094 50

Hepatobiliary dysfunctions (TPN-HBD) occur during parenteral nutrition. In older children these are usually reversible whereas in newborns and infants these hepatobiliary abnormalities play a significant role in the morbidity. Cholestasis is a commonly occurring TPN-HBD. It correlates directly with the decreasing gestational age, low birth weight and increasing duration of TPN therapy. The pathogenesis of cholestasis of TPN is multifactorial and predisposed by necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis, cardiac failure, shock, and hypotension. Diagnosis is made with exclusion of other causes of direct hyperbilirubinemia. Most TPN-HBD appear within 4 weeks of starting of TPN but severe complications manifest usually after the 16th week. Histologically there is intralobular cholestasis. In few cases there may be severe portal fibrosis followed by development of micronodular biliary cirrhosis. Enteral starvation, defective bile acid carriers, hypercaloric TPN are the major factors responsible for TPN-HBD, including cholestasis. Biliary complications of TPN-HBD are acalculous, cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis. Bile stasis is a major pathological factor for these. If the calories are provided only by glucose or glucose-containing electrolyte solutions it may lead to cholestasis and other TPN-HBD. Even small oral alimentation (continuous or bolus) during TPN, prevent TPN-HBD. Choleretic agents have been useful in the prevention and management of cholestasis and other parenteral nutrition induced hepatobiliary abnormalities.
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PMID:Hepatobiliary abnormalities and parenteral nutrition. 1102 27

In April 1996, a 77-year-old man initially presented with fever, rash and polyarthralgia, and was diagnosed as having low titer cold agglutinin disease with acute hemolytic anemia. The patient's condition and laboratory findings improved after administration of corticosteroid (prednisolone 60 mg). In June 1996, however, he developed acute cholecystitis and died due to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. During the course, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 were correlated with the pathology, and the disease was diagnosed as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Autopsy revealed necrotizing cholecystitis, erythrophagocytosis in the liver, and cytomegalovirus infection in the lung and gall bladder. This was considered to be a rare case of low titer cold agglutinin disease complicated by SIRS.
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PMID:[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by necrotizing cholecystitis after treatment of underlying low titer cold agglutinin disease]. 1123 30

ChemoHyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion (CHPP) after cytoreductive surgery is a relatively new procedure in the treatment of abdominal carcinomatosis or sarcomatosis. An assessment of the CHPP technique performed on 20 patients suffering from abdominal malignancies was carried out. After surgical debulking and gastrointestinal anastomosis, two Tenckhoff catheters were positioned for the immediate performance of CHPP, which was carried out at 42-43 degrees C for 1 h, after closing the abdomen. In 19 assessable patients, 47.3% and 36.8% complete responses (CR) were recorded at 1 and 6 months, respectively, with responses of 37.5% in patients affected with gastrointestinal cancer and 50% in patients affected with ovarian cancer. CR were obtained only in patients who had undergone accurate peritoneal debulking. Survival rate for gastrointestinal and ovarian cancer was 68% at 12 months. Patients who underwent radical cytoreductive surgery are all alive at a follow-up median time of 17 months. Two anastomotic leakages with spontaneous recovery were observed, along with one hydrothorax, which was immediately drained during the procedure, three cases of chemotherapic gastrointestinal toxicity, one sepsis, one renal failure that required a transient dialysis, and one cholecystitis that required cholecystectomy. One patient died 30 days after CHPP of a cardiac ischaemia not strictly related to the surgical procedure. In the authors' experience, CHPP with closed abdomen after reconstructive gastrointestinal surgery is a safe and feasible treatment with acceptable side effects.
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PMID:Chemohyperthermia for advanced abdominal malignancies: a new procedure with closed abdomen and previously performed anastomosis. 1158 82

The appearance of acute cholecystitis can make to complicate a natural history of cholelitiasis or post-operating time of patients that have concomitant predisposition factors. The best therapy is the cholecystectomy but somewhere for the critical general conditions is too much dangerous to make a surgical procedure. However we need to stabilize patients conditions, also for a short time. Our experience suggest us that percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy is a simple method without any complications, efficacious to resolve the acute sepsis in patients with cholecystitis that not be able to tolerate a surgical procedure.
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PMID:[Ultrasound-guided trans-parietohepatic cholecystostomy in the critical patient: current indications]. 1187 38

In two men aged 65 and 40 years with abdominal pain, the diagnosis 'acute acalculous cholecystitis' (AAC) could be reached only after exploratory laparotomy. The first patient was initially admitted to the coronary-care department because of known atherosclerotic vascular disease; he died a few days after the operation due to sepsis. The second patient recovered satisfactorily after admission to intensive care because of haemodynamic instability. AAC is an illness with a non-specific clinical presentation and incomplete radiologic imaging. AAC is more frequently seen in outpatients than in acutely ill inpatients, especially in older male patients who have atherosclerotic vascular disease. Diagnostic and therapeutic delay leads to gangrene, empyema and perforation, resulting in a high mortality. To improve the outcome, a high and early index of suspicion is needed. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy should be included in the diagnostic pathway.
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PMID:[Acute acalculous cholecystitis: not only in the intensive care department]. 1214 15

Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC), a technique that consists of percutaneous catheter placement in the gallbladder lumen under imaging guidance, has become an alternative to surgical cholecystostomy in recent years. Indications of PC include calculous or acalculous cholecystitis, cholangitis, biliary obstruction and opacification of biliary ducts. It also provides a potential route for stone dissolution therapy and stone extraction. Under aseptic conditions and ultrasound guidance, using local anesthesia, the procedure is carried out by using either modified Seldinger technique or trocar technique. Transhepatic or transperitoneal puncture can be performed as an access route. Several days after the procedure transcatheter cholangiography is performed to assess the patency of cystic duct, presence of gallstones and catheter position. The tract is considered mature in the absence of leakage to the peritoneal cavity, subhepatic, subcapsular, or subdiaphragmatic spaces. Response rates to PC in the literature are between the range of 56-100% as the variation of different patient population. Complications associated with PC usually occur immediately or within days and include haemorrhage, vagal reactions, sepsis, bile peritonitis, pneumothorax, perforation of the intestinal loop, secondary infection or colonisation of the gallbladder and catheter dislodgment. Late complications have been reported as catheter dislodgment and recurrent cholecystitis. PC under ultrasonographic guidance is a cost-effective, easy to perform and reliable procedure with low complication and high success rates for critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis. It is generally followed by elective cholecystectomy, if possible. However, it may be definitive treatment, especially in acalculous cholecystitis.
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PMID:Percutaneous cholecystostomy. 1220 5

Azathioprine is commonly prescribed for autoimmune hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. An acute gastroenteritis-like syndrome has been ascribed to azathioprine use, but chronic diarrhea has not. We report a patient with autoimmune hepatitis who developed severe small-bowel villus atrophy and chronic diarrhea after azathioprine was initiated (50 mg/day). We present a case report of a patient followed up prospectively. Duodenal mucosal histology and expression of brush border enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and peptide transporter PepT1 messenger RNA levels were determined before and after azathioprine discontinuation. Chronic diarrhea developed several weeks after the initiation of azathioprine and resulted in micronutrient depletion and severe protein-calorie malnutrition, which was unresponsive to oral pancreatic enzyme therapy or a gluten-free diet. Severe malabsorption required parenteral nutrition support for longer than 1.5 years; this was complicated by unstable blood glucose control, acute calculous cholecystitis, catheter sepsis, and severe venous thrombosis. When the temporal association between azathioprine and diarrhea was identified, the drug was tapered while the patient consumed an unrestricted diet. Within 2 weeks after azathioprine was discontinued, diarrhea had completely resolved, and parenteral nutrition was discontinued. Mucosal biopsies obtained before and 4 months after azathioprine discontinuation showed complete reversal of severe duodenal villus atrophy and marked up-regulation of mucosal dipeptidyl peptidase IV and PepT1 messenger RNA. The patient has subsequently maintained normal liver function tests on low-dose prednisone alone, with normal stools and stable nutritional status for longer than 4 years. Azathioprine can induce severe small-bowel villus atrophy, diarrhea, and malabsorption that is reversible with drug discontinuation.
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PMID:Severe villus atrophy and chronic malabsorption induced by azathioprine. 1280 28

Acute cholecystitis is one of the most frequent causes for emergency admissions to General Surgery Departments. Due to the increased morbidity and high-risk of mortality, patients with severe underlying disease or a debilitated general condition are initially treated conservatively by administration of antibiotics, decompression, and drainage of the gallbladder. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is a minimally invasive method of percutaneous placement of a catheter, under ultrasound guidance, in the gallbladder lumen. PC can be performed at the bed-side and help the patient as well as physicians searching for a site and cause of sepsis. Dynamic ultrasound visualization of the puncture needle and gallbladder is crucial to avoid complications. PC cholecystectomy is an efficacious procedure with reported clinical response rates of 56%-100%. Clinical response is considered when a decrease in white blood cell count, defervescence, and decrease in the need for vasopressors are present. Patients with gallstones and symptoms and signs localized to the right upper quadrant are more likely to respond. Mortality is associated mainly with the underlying medical conditions. Ultrasound-guided PC can be followed by elective cholecystectomy at a later stage if the patient's condition permits, or by expectant or conservative management in those with acalculous cholecystitis.
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PMID:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy: update on technique and clinical applications. 1293 Dec 94


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