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 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Progressive changes in perinatal and neonatal intensive care of preterm infants since the late 1960s have led to an increase in survival and had an effect on the rates of neonatal morbidity, including brain injury, chronic lung disease, and sepsis. These have influenced the rates of neurodevelopmental impairment, including cerebral palsy. There was initially an increase in neonatal morbidity and rates of cerebral palsy associated with the increased survival of extremely low birth weight and low gestation infants. However, since the late 1990s and especially since the year 2000, the rates of neonatal morbidity have decreased with evidence of a decrease in the rates of cerebral palsy. Efforts to further decrease neonatal morbidity should continue to improve the outcomes of preterm children.
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PMID:Trends in the rates of cerebral palsy associated with neonatal intensive care of preterm children. 1898 1

Three hundred-forty-eight out of a regional population of 1272 newborn infants were randomly chosen and followed neurologically until age of two years to study the epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, and to reveal the main factors influencing outcome. The most frequent neonatal pathologies were low Apgar scores - 45 (3.5%), neonatal sepsis - 28 (2.2%), neonatal seizures - 26 (2.0%), neonatal sepsis complicated with bacterial meningitis - 13 (1.0%), traumatic injury of peripheral nerves - 7 (0.6%), intracranial hemorrhages - 4 (0.3%) and CNS malformations - 3 (0.2%). At the age of 24 months abnormal development was identified in 29 cases (8.5%) of children, comprising global developmental delay in five (1.5%), unclassified motor problems (hypotonia without ataxia) in four (1.2%), cerebral palsy in three (0.9%), behavioral/sleep disorders in 12 (3.5%) and epilepsy in five (1.5%). The most significant single risk factors for abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome were maternal age, chorioamnionitis, gestational age <37 weeks, pathological delivery, and a low (<5) Apgar score at 5min after birth. Coexistence of several risk factors increased the probability of an adverse outcome.
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PMID:Epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders in 2 years old Georgian children. Pilot study - population based prospective study in a randomly chosen sample. 1968 48

Early diagnosis and intervention intensity were suggested to be crucial factor in cerebral palsy (CP) treatment. Herein we observed 347 children diagnosed for CP in Clinical Hospital Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and studied the relationship between (a) intervention start point and the final motor outcome, (b) intensity of treatment and final outcome, and (c) relationship between documented risk factors and early diagnosis of the CP. Our study suggests that it is possible to relatively accurately diagnose the CP in the first trimester. Previous miscarriages, sepsis and intracerebral haemorrhage were significantly related to early diagnosis, while delivery outcome, RDS, premature birth, intracerebral haemorrhage, sepsis, meningitis, hydrocephalus and convulsions were found as significantly related to final motor CP outcome. We have found no significant influence of the intervention intensity and final diagnosis. Our results support the idea that the intervention start point has to be considered as one of the most important factors for the effective intervention program. In future studies dealing with the CP interventions and risk factors, special attention should be paid to homogeneity and size of the sample, as well as necessity of including the non-treated controls in the investigation.
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PMID:Cerebral palsy: early diagnosis, intervention and risk factors. 2012 Apr 1

Chorioamnionitis is a common complication of pregnancy associated with significant maternal, perinatal, and long-term adverse outcomes. Adverse maternal outcomes include postpartum infections and sepsis whereas adverse infant outcomes include stillbirth, premature birth, neonatal sepsis, chronic lung disease, and brain injury leading to cerebral palsy and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Research in the past 2 decades has expanded understanding of the mechanistic links between intra-amniotic infection and preterm delivery as well as morbidities of preterm and term infants. Recent and ongoing clinical research into better methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing chorioamnionitis is likely to have a substantial impact on short and long-term outcomes in the neonate.
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PMID:Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis. 2056 11

Intrauterine infection is a unique pathologic process that raises the risk for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). By acting synergistically with prematurity, EONS increases the risk for adverse neonatal outcomes, including intraventricular hemorrhage and cerebral palsy. Although several pathways for the pathogenesis of fetal damage have been proposed, the basic molecular mechanisms that modulate these events remain incompletely understood. Discovery of clinically and biologically relevant biomarkers able to reveal key pathogenic pathways and predict pregnancies at risk for antenatal fetal damage is a priority. Proteomics provides a unique opportunity to fill this gap.
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PMID:The role of proteomics in the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and early-onset neonatal sepsis. 2056 12

Women in labor who receive epidural analgesia are more likely to experience hyperthermia and overt clinical fever. The gradual development of modest hyperthermia observed in laboring women with epidural analgesia is not seen in those electing other forms of analgesia or unmedicated labor. Clinical fever is also far more likely in women laboring with epidural analgesia. It is possible that the observed slow increase in mean temperature is an artifact of averaging the temperature curves of a small group of women who eventually develop fever with a larger group who remain afebrile throughout labor. Selection bias confounds the association between epidural analgesia and fever, because women at risk for fever-due to longer duration of ruptured membranes, longer labor, more frequent cervical examinations, and other interventions-are also more likely to select epidural analgesia. However, even randomized trials have confirmed a higher incidence of fever in epidural-exposed women, suggesting a causal relationship. The mechanisms of epidural-associated fever remain incompletely understood. Altered thermoregulation and an antipyretic effect of opioids given to women without epidural analgesia may explain part of the phenomenon, but the most likely etiology is inflammation, most commonly in the placenta and membranes (chorioamnionitis). The consequences of maternal fever are diverse. Obstetricians are more likely to intervene surgically in laboring women with fever, and neonatologists are more likely to evaluate neonates of febrile women for sepsis. More ominously, maternal inflammatory fever is associated with neonatal brain injury, manifest as cerebral palsy, encephalopathy, and learning deficits in later childhood. At present, there are no safe and effective means to inhibit epidural-associated fever. Future research should define the etiology of this fever and search for safe and effective interventions to prevent it and to inhibit its potential adverse effects on the neonatal brain.
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PMID:Labor epidural analgesia and maternal fever. 2086 20

Chorioamnionitis as a major risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth, especially at earlier gestational ages, contributes to prematurity-associated mortality and morbidity. A gestation-independent effect of chorioamnionitis on neonatal outcome is much more difficult to assess. The influence of chorioamnionitis on neonatal outcome has become less evident with advances in neonatal care. A short-term beneficial effect of histological, but not clinical chorioamnionitis on incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants is evident. This maturational effect is accompanied by a susceptibility of the lung for further postnatal injury, which predisposes for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Chorioamnionitis is associated with cystic periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage and cerebral palsy in preterm infants, but its association with noncystic white matter disease is not clear yet. Prenatal inflammation/infection has been shown a risk factor for neonatal sepsis. A single course of antenatal steroids can be regarded safe in clinical as well as histological chorioamnionitis.
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PMID:Chorioamnionitis: important risk factor or innocent bystander for neonatal outcome? 2088 33

Preterm births occurs in 6-12% of all pregnancies, accounts for 75% of neonatal death and causes significant neonatal morbidity. A large number of preterm birth is associated with infection (30%), because of the release of many cytokines. In fact acute chorioamnionitis represents the inflammatory response to extracellular microorganisms that gain access to the gestational sac. Clinical signs of infection compare in the 12% of cases, while the prevalence of positive amniotic fluid cultures is approximately 50% in patients with preterm PROM. Despite the recent studies about the dosage of inflammatory biomarkers in the amniotic fluid or in fetal and maternal blood, placenta histology remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Histological chorioamnionitis describes the progression of the inflammatory process. Organisms first colonise the chorioamnionic surface. Then, the neutrophils migrates to the chorion (chorionitis) and to the amnion (chorioamnionitis) and, in the last stage, amnionic epithelial cells undergo necrosis (necrotising chorioamnionitis). It represents the mother inflammatory response and it differs from the fetal inflammatory response (funisitis). Funisitis first appears in vessels of the chorionic plate (chorionic vasculitis) or in the umbilical vein (umbilical phlebitis), then in the umbilical artery (umbilical arteritis), and in the Wharton's jelly (umbilical perivasculitis). The fetal inflammatory response has been associated with inflammatory diseases of preterm infants, increasing the risk of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy. We present our experience on the relationship between histological chorioamnionitis, preterm birth and inflammatory diseases of VLBW infants.
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PMID:[Chorioamnionitis and inflammatory disease in the premature newborn infant]. 2109 86

Intrauterine infections are a leading cause of preterm birth, cerebral palsy and neonatal sepsis. This article investigates current ideas about prevention, diagnosis and treatment from a midwifery point of view.
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PMID:When the womb is no longer safe: chorioamnionitis. 2199 53

Chorioamnionitis represents a major risk factor for preterm birth and contributes to prematurity-associated morbidity and mortality. Comparison of studies addressing neonatal outcome after exposure to either histological or clinical chorioamnionitis is hampered by the great heterogeneity regarding study cohorts and disease definitions which were applied. Moreover, the impact of exposure to inflammation in utero on neonatal outcome has become less evident with major advances in perinatal and neonatal care. Histologic chorioamnionitis evidently is associated with a reduction of incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome. Short-term maturational effects on the lungs of ventilated extremely premature infants are, however, accompanied by a greater susceptibility of the lung, eventually contributing to an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Chorioamnionitis has been shown associated with increased rate of early-onset sepsis but, according to recent data, histological chorioamnionitis might be protective against late-onset sepsis. Inconsistent data exist concerning the true role of chorioamnionitis in the development of brain lesions such as cystic periventricular leukomalacia, diffuse white matter disease, and intraventricular hemorrhage. However, an association with the development of cerebral palsy has been reported.
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PMID:Chorioamnionitis--the good or the evil for neonatal outcome? 2230 19


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