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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To improve the outcome of invasive Candida infections, earlier empirical therapy before the establishment of the definitive diagnosis is considered to be necessary. However, appropriate use of empirical therapy for suspected candidiasis in febrile non-neutropenic surgical patients has not been defined. According to the guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, empirical therapy of suspected candidiasis in this setting should be limited to patients with Candida colonization of multiple sites, multiple other risk factors, and absence of any other causes of fever. A corrected colonization index which takes into account both the density and the degree of colonization of Candida spp. was shown to be the independent factors that predict subsequent candidal infection. It may also be appropriate to commence empirical therapy on the basis of a positive serodiagnostic test. Beta-D glucan is a cell-wall constituent of fungi, which is assumed to be a marker of fungal sepsis. However, it has been shown that beta-D-glucan can also be detected in patients without fungal infections, such as those on haemodialysis, and its positive predictive value is relatively low. The mono-utilization of beta-D-glucan for the assessment of fungal infection should therefore be avoided. The combined assessment of beta-D-glucan and extent of colonization with Candida spp. is believed to have the advantage of lessening the likelihood of a false positive reaction of beta-D-glucan.
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PMID:[Strategy for the treatment of fungal infections in critically ill surgical patients]. 1555 Sep 18

There are only few clinical studies on complement in well-defined (or characterized) paediatric HIV patients. Aim of this study was to evaluate the complement system and immunoglobulins in HIV-infected children and to correlate data to stage of disease. Blood samples of 127 HIV-infected children (11-134 months; 62 male : 65 female) were collected in order to evaluate humoral immunity. The patients were classified according to CDC clinical (N-asymptomatic; A-mild symptoms such as common recurrent infections; B-moderate symptoms such as Candidiasis and herpes infections, meningitis, sepsis and anaemia; C-severe symptoms such as opportunistic infections and neoplasia) and with respect to immunological criteria (T CD4(+) cell count). Analysis of complement system included the classical (CH50), alternative (APH50) pathway activities and plasma concentrations of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), of the C4 allotypic variants C4A and C4B. (ELISA), and of the C3 split product C3d (rocket immunoeletrophoresis). Immunodiagnosis also included CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin concentrations. Complement activation and consumption was observed in all patients correlating with disease activity. Activated classical and alternative pathways and elevated C3d were significantly correlated with immunologic category 3. C3d levels were also significantly correlated with immunologic category 1. Undetectable CH50 and APH50 were found in two (group C) and 10 patients (n = 2, A = 2, B = 2, C = 4), respectively. Low MBL values were found in 13/127 but without correlation to disease severity. Undetectable C4B levels were observed in three patients, favouring the diagnosis of a complete deficiency. Although not related to clinical symptomatology, a strong ongoing complement activation can be observed in all stages of HIV infection. In contrast to earlier reports MBL could not be considered as a risk factor for HIV.
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PMID:Immunological analysis in paediatric HIV patients at different stages of the disease. 1558 73

Procalcitonin (PCT) has been described as a marker of bacterial sepsis. However, little is known of its diagnostic value in fungal infections. We calculated the sensitivity of PCT for detection of invasive fungal infections (IFI) by analyzing 55 episodes of proven or probable IFI (three in our series, 52 reported in the recent literature). In the early phase of IFI, PCT was elevated in fewer than half of invasive candidiasis episodes and in only one patient (5.3%) with invasive aspergillosis. Due to low sensitivity and specificity, PCT adds little to the diagnosis of IFI.
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PMID:Procalcitonin--a marker of invasive fungal infection? 1565 90

The incidence of invasive mycoses in patients undergoing abdominal surgery amounts to approximately 8% and shows an upward trend in epidemiological studies. The lethality of these systemic mycoses, which are mostly based on Candida infections constitutes up to 60%. The development of a sytemic mycosis is marked by exogenic, endogenic and iatrogenic risk factors and typically displays tissue invasion after an initial fungal contamination or systemic dissemination via fungal sepsis. Fungal peritonitis is generally a monoinfection with Candida spp., where Candida albicans outweighs in 70% of cases. Aspergillus spp. are only detected abdominally in rare cases. The histological verification of a fungal invasion is regarded as proof of the existence of an invasive mycosis, but typical macroscopic findings with corresponding cultural findings can also confirm the diagnosis. Systemic mycosis requires an early initiation of a consistent antimycotic therapy as well as definitive surgical eradication of the focus in order to reduce high lethal rate. Resistances or incorrect dosages can be validated objectively by means of histological monitoring of the antimycotic therapy, thus affording early recognition of the need to change the substance class.
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PMID:[Intra-abdominal mycoses]. 1582 83

Perforations of the oesophagus are characterized by a high mortality rate, varying between 7 and 49%. In the analyzed group of patients between the years 1986 and 2003, the mortality rate of 28% was caused by septic complications such as mediastinitis and pneumonia. Microbiological examinations of samples from different locations and various secretions, detected mycoses in 28% of the patients (n = 16). Compared with the total of mycoses, a higher mortality of 50% was calculated. The invasive Candida infection of the oesophagus itself can cause a perforation. In perforations of the oesophagus, simultaneous mycoses arise by fungi invading sterile compartments or by haematogenous and lymphogenous dissemination up to sepsis. Uncomplicated courses do not need antimycotic therapy. At the beginning of the treatment, a microbiological monitoring should be provided, particularly with regard to the intraoperative facts. In relation to the course and the risk factors of the patients, an antimycotic therapy is initiated. Surgical clearing and sufficient drainage of the collateral compartments such as pleural and mediastinal compartments is highly significant.
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PMID:[Complicated course of oesophageal perforations because of fungal infections]. 1582 86

Recent years have seen the development of the concept of combination therapy for treating severe fungal sepsis. The advantages of this approach are a potential improvement in patient survival and a reduction in the chance of resistance developing to each of the single agents. The disadvantage is that combining drugs may increase the chance of toxicity. Mycograb is a genetically recombinant antibody against fungal heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) which is poised to become the mainstay of combination therapy. This paper presents data on how hsp90 is important to fungi and what role it might play in human disease with possible interactions with interleukin 6 and nitric oxide. There is discussion of preclinical data demonstrating synergy in vitro between Mycograb and amphotericin B and caspofungin. The progress of Mycograb through a Phase II pharmacokinetic study when used in escalating doses with a liposomal amphotericin B preparation has also been reviewed. The concepts behind a Phase II pivotal study, where Mycograb or a placebo was given in combination with a liposomal amphotericin B drug for five days for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis are discussed.
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PMID:Human recombinant antibody to HSP90: a natural partner in combination therapy. 1597 96

Intra-abdominal infections differ from other infections through the broad variety in causes and severity of the infection, the aetiology of which is often polymicrobial, the microbiological results that are difficult to interpret and the essential role of surgical intervention. From a clinical viewpoint, two major types of intra-abdominal infections can be distinguished: uncomplicated and complicated. In uncomplicated intra-abdominal infection, the infectious process only involves a single organ and no anatomical disruption is present. Generally, patients with such infections can be managed with surgical resection alone and no antimicrobial therapy besides perioperative prophylaxis is necessary. In complicated intra-abdominal infections, the infectious process proceeds beyond the organ that is the source of the infection, and causes either localised peritonitis, also referred to as abdominal abscess, or diffuse peritonitis, depending on the ability of the host to contain the process within a part of the abdominal cavity. In particular, complicated intra-abdominal infections are an important cause of morbidity and are more frequently associated with a poor prognosis. However, an early clinical diagnosis, followed by adequate source control to stop ongoing contamination and restore anatomical structures and physiological function, as well as prompt initiation of appropriate empirical therapy, can limit the associated mortality. The biggest challenge with complicated intra-abdominal infections is early recognition of the problem. Antimicrobial management is generally standardised and many regimens, either with monotherapy or combination therapy, have proven their efficacy. Routine coverage against enterococci is not recommended, but can be useful in particular clinical conditions such as the presence of septic shock in patients previously receiving prolonged treatment with cephalosporins, immunosuppressed patients at risk for bacteraemia, the presence of prosthetic heart valves and recurrent intra-abdominal infection accompanied by severe sepsis. In patients with prolonged hospital stay and antibacterial therapy, the likelihood of involvement of antibacterial-resistant pathogens must be taken into account. Antimicrobial coverage of Candida spp. is recommended when there is evidence of candidal involvement or in patients with specific risk factors for invasive candidiasis such as immunodeficiency and prolonged antibacterial exposure. In general, antimicrobial therapy should be continued for 5-7 days. If sepsis is still present after 1 week, a diagnostic work up should be performed, and if necessary a surgical reintervention should be considered.
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PMID:Critical issues in the clinical management of complicated intra-abdominal infections. 1606 Jun 97

Candidal endocarditis is an uncommon and serious complication of invasive Candida infection in neonates. The aim of this study was to further characterise candidal endocarditis in neonates. Between 1995 and 2000, 56 patients were diagnosed with Candida bloodstream infections (CBSI) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel. Five of them (9%) developed mycetoma of the right atrium. None of the patients had congenital heart disease or a central venous catheter in the right heart at the time of diagnosis. All were treated with amphotericin B alone or in combination with other antifungals, without surgical intervention. One patient died of the disease and one died later of polymicrobial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. A review of the literature since 1980 yielded an additional 25 cases of candidal endocarditis. For the whole sample (n = 30) survival rate was 73.1%. Six of the 10 patients treated with antifungal agents and surgery survived (60%), compared with 13 of the 20 patients treated only medically (65%) (P = 1.0). Candida endocarditis in neonates differs from fungal endocarditis in adults in risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome. As the outcome of surgical and medical treatment are comparable, antifungal therapy alone may be a valid therapeutic option in high-risk cases.
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PMID:Candida endocarditis in neonates: report of five cases and review of the literature. 1636 18

A case of a asymptomatic prostatitis due to Candida Albicans that caused a sepsis is presented. Up today in literature only 3 cases of Candida infections of the prostate gland without general illness were described. In this case the transurethral electro-resection of prostate was the adequate treatment.
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PMID:Sepsis due to asymptomatic Candida prostatitis. 1637 10

Invasive Candida spp. infections in non-neutropenic critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units can be classified as focal and systemic. Both types of infection usually occur after episodes of candidemia, although some focal infections may be of exogenous development, like those occurring after trauma or be device-related.The clinical spectrum of invasive Candida spp. infections includes focal urinary tract, abdominal, ocular, respiratory tract, renal and hepato-biliary infections, as well as systemic infections like candidemia and acute systemic candidiasis with multiorgan involvement after hematogenous seeding. Candida spp. isolates in "significant" samples, like synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures, represent true infection. However, the diagnosis of invasive infection based on "non-significant" samples, like surgical drains and digestive tract exudates, requires additional criteria. The total number of isolates from different sites, the presence of risk factors, the clinical host response, as well as severity of illness need to be taken into account for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The clinical signs of systemic infection due to Candida spp. are completely non-specific and cannot be differentiated from bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection or bacteremia. These infections may be associated with signs of sepsis,severe sepsis, septic shock or multiorgan dysfunction. In the future clinical multicentre observational and interventional studies are necessary to reach agreement on clinical definitions and classification of invasive Candida spp. infections in critically ill non-immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:[Clinical spectrum of invasive candidiasis in critically ill non-neutropenic patients]. 1649 22


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