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Query: UMLS:C0243026 (sepsis)
 52,417 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The immune system was studied in 30 cases of local infection (pneumonia) and 56 cases of generalized infection (sepsis). Predominantly children with immunologic deficiency of the humoral type (77% of the cases) characterized by unscheduled fatty transformation of the thymus, underdevelopment of B-zones of lymphoid organs, low level of IgM production and the lack of IgG and IgA production were found to die with pneumonia, whereas children with physiological immaturity of the immune system and in smaller numbers (41% of the cases) with deficiency of immunity of the cellular and phagocytic type as confirmed by immaturity of the thymic tissue or its dysplasia with hypoplasia of lymphoid organs died with sepsis. Immunological deficiency of the humoral type is accompanied by suppurative destructive lesions of the respiratory organs, immunodeficiency of the cellular and phagocytic type by necrotic changes in the septic focus and mucous membranes of the organs contacting the environment.
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PMID:[The immune system and its relation with infection process in children]. 660 38

Morphological changes of the thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs in two observations of severe combined insufficiency (SCIN) in infants of the first year of life are described. In both cases there was hypoplasia of the thymus with the lack or occasional thymic bodies and poor content of thymocytes in the lobules. In one infant, hypoplasia of the thymus was combined with intestinal angiomatosis which suggested the syndrome of ataxia-teleangiectasia. In the other infant, SCIN was associated with severe granulocytopenia of the Kostman type. In this case epithelial cells of the lobules formed adenomatous structures. Both infants died with sepsis developing against the background of SCIN.
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PMID:[Hypoplasia of the thymus gland in children]. 686 Jan 70

Lymphoid system was studied morphologically in 61 infants aged under 1 year dying of sepsis, nonseptic inflammatory diseases and non-inflammatory processes. It was established that in sepsis generalization of the immune response and decompensation of the lymphoid system occurred in the development of which previous disorders of immune responsiveness (thymus pathology, immaturity of the lymphoid system of premature babies, respiratory viral infections) are of great importance. Unlike sepsis, local inflammatory processes are characterized predominantly by limited immune reaction and decompensation of lymphoid system has a local character. In babies of the first month of age reactions of the T-lymphocyte system predominate, in older babies those of the B-lymphocyte system.
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PMID:[Immunomorphologic aspects of sepsis in children under 1-year-old]. 708 93

In this report, we present a 5 months old male baby, who suffered from watery diarrhea since 4 days old. From then on, he had been admitted 3 times in 3 different hospitals but the symptoms still bothered him off and on. During the days of hospitalization, sepsis with positive blood culture of Klebsiella was noted. The patient expired at 5 months of age. The T cell count was 20% active T was 0. Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests including Candida (10 X), PHA (10 micrograms), PHA (1 microgram), SK/SD (50 units) were negative. The granulocyte function study showed normal. Immunoglobulin analysis revealed IgG: 1320 mg%, IgA: 120 mg%, IgM: 100 mg%. Agenesis of thymus, failure of lymphoid differentiation and abnormal lymphoid architecture with absence of germinal centers were noted at autopsy. Combined immunodeficiency with normal immunoglobulins (Nezelof syndrome) is a disease of primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections, failure to thrive, lymphopenia, diminished lymphoid tissue, abnormal structure or agenesis of the thymus, and presence of normal or increased levels of one or more of the major immunoglobulin classes, but with impaired antibody synthesis. Since its original description by Nezelof and associates in 1964, it has been reported on the subsequent occasion. In this report, we present our one experience and review the clinical and laboratory data in 33 reported cases.
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PMID:Report of a case of Nezelof syndrome. 744 23

The pathology of lymphoid organs in 38 low birth weight (LBW) human infants has been evaluated by morphological and morphometric features. The gestational ages of infants ranged from 22 to 32 wks and their age at death varied from 1 hr to 153 days post partum. Infants were divided into 3 groups: 1) without antigenic effects, 2) with mild (bronchopneumonia), and 3) with severe antigenic effects, mainly sepsis. In mildly affected LBW infants, the fetal type of the immune reaction was found. It continued during the period studied (till 5 mths) and was manifested in the reaction of macrophages and the transformation of lymphocytes to lymphoblasts. Reactive centres of follicles and mature plasmocytes were not found. During the first months of postnatal development, an increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs and in the rate of proliferation of reticular epithelium and a decrease in the area of the cortex in the thymus were found in all infants. In severely affected infants, the number and the size of follicles in the spleen decreased significantly and the total number of cells decreased more than 3 times. Similar changes were found in lymph nodes. These changes as well as the weak reaction of the thymus are the main features of the insufficiency and fast devastation of the lymphoid system. A compensatory increase in the number of neutrophils and eosinophils in the red pulp of the spleen and lymph nodes was found after the second week.
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PMID:Pathology of lymphoid organs in low birth weight infants subjected to antigen-related diseases: a morphological and morphometric study. 756 36

Thymic programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis (Ao) is elevated during inflammation by a variety of stressors in vitro (i.e., glucocorticoids, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), prostanoids, etc.), however, little or no information is available concerning its presence in polymicrobial sepsis. To establish whether or not PCD is accelerated in the thymus following the onset of sepsis, thymocytes were harvested from C3H/HeN mice at 1, 2, 12, and 24 h following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; to induce sepsis) or Sham-CLP (Sham), and assessed for changes in thymocyte viable cell yield, increased Ao + cells based on FACS analysis (propidium iodide staining) or by evidence of fragmentation of the genomic DNA. The results indicate that at 1 h post-CLP there were no marked changes in any of these parameters. However, by 4 h post-CLP the percentage of Ao + thymocytes increased and the septic mouse genomic DNA exhibited trace amounts of fragmentation. These changes increased in the septic animals cells through both 12 and 24 h. Alternatively, thymic viable cell yield did not significantly decrease until 12 h. Marked changes in systemic mediators, corticosterone and TNF, were also detected in septic mouse blood at all time points. In an effort to determine the contribution of these two agents to the induction of the accelerated PCD seen here, mice were randomized to receive either RU-38486 (11 beta-[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-17 beta-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one (Mifepristone); a steroid receptor blocker), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-(rsTNF-R1)2 (a TNF inhibitor) immediately following CLP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The induction of accelerated thymic programmed cell death during polymicrobial sepsis: control by corticosteroids but not tumor necrosis factor. 760 Jan 93

Antibody levels to the protein antigen tetanus toxoid (TTx) and the carbohydrate antigens pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PCP) were studied by enzyme immunoassay in 14 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and 32 patients with acute non lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) before and three weeks after initiation of chemotherapy. The antibody levels to TTx were significantly lower in ALL patients than in controls. This was associated with elevated levels of sCD8 (soluble CD8) in the serum of 12 out of the 14 ALL patients. Patients with ANLL had normal antibody levels before chemotherapy. After chemotherapy ANLL patients with septic complications had a reduced increase of antibody titers to TTx than patients without sepsis. The average antibody titers to PCP decreased in patients with sepsis, while they increased slightly in patients without sepsis. We conclude that in contrast to ANLL patients ALL patients have preexisting decreased antibody levels to thymus dependent protein antigens, while antibody levels to thymus independent carbohydrate antigens are normal in both types of leukemias.
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PMID:Impaired antibody levels to tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal polysaccharides in acute leukemias. 769 35

Ectodermal dysplasia is a heterogeneous disorder that includes a constellation of congenital malformations occasionally associated with mild to moderate immune dysfunction. In this report, we describe a female infant with ectodermal dysplasia who was found to have thymic hypoplasia but no other phenotypic features of the DiGeorge anomalad. She experienced Candida parapsilosis sepsis at 1 week of age and a skin infection with Mycobacterium chelonii at 6 months. The numbers of blood B cells were normal and serum immunoglobulins normal to slightly reduced, but serum antibody responses of all immunoglobulin isotypes to protein immunogens were absent. Blood T cells were profoundly reduced and proliferative responses of T cells to mitogens were blunted. In contrast, there was an increased number of natural killer (NK) cells and increased NK activity in the blood. Over the first year of life, some of the immunodeficiencies resolved. Although the numbers of blood T cells (17% of total lymphocytes) remained low, proliferative responses to mitogens normalized and specific antibody responses improved. It seems likely that the thymic hypoplasia in this case was due to a paucity of ectodermal elements in the developing thymus, and that the immune defects were largely secondary to that event. In that respect, this human model of ectodermal dysplasia and thymic hypoplasia resembled the ectodermal/thymic defects found in the nude mouse.
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PMID:Thymic hypoplasia and T-cell deficiency in ectodermal dysplasia: case report and review of the literature. 813 58

Apoptosis (Ao), is a process by which cells undergo a form of nonnecrotic cellular suicide. Although for most cells this is a constitutive process, it can be induced in immature and differentiating immune cell populations by stress mediators associated with inflammation. This inducible form of A(o) is referred to as programmed cell death. However, it is not clear whether hematopoietic cell populations such as the thymus and bone marrow are induced to undergo A(o) during polymicrobial sepsis. To assess this, thymocytes, bone marrow cells, or splenocytes (as a source of comparative nonhematopoietic cells) were harvested from C3H/HeN mice at 1, 4, or 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; to induce polymicrobial sepsis) or sham-CLP (Sham). The results showed that mixed bone marrow cells ex vivo, although not to the same extent as thymus, showed a marked increase in the percentage of cells in A(o), increased endonuclease activity, and a significant decrease in cell yield at 24 hours but not at 4 hours after CLP. Similar changes were not evident in splenocytes. Phenotypic, as well as morphologic assessment, indicated that most of the increase in apoptotic cells in the thymus was associated with the immature T cells (CD4+CD8+) and CD8-CD4- cells. In contrast, the increase in bone marrow cell A(o) was associated with only the B220+ cells, with no significant contribution from myeloid cells. Treatment of CLP mice in vivo with either RU-38486 or PEG-(rsTNF-R1)2 was unable to reverse the increased A(o) in the bone marrow of these animals. Taken together, these findings indicate that A(o) as a process induced by polymicrobial sepsis is not limited to the thymus, but can also be detected in the bone marrow. However, unlike thymic A(o), bone marrow is not affected directly/indirectly by glucocorticoids or tumor necrosis factor released during sepsis.
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PMID:Differential induction of apoptosis in lymphoid tissues during sepsis: variation in onset, frequency, and the nature of the mediators. 863 85

Microbial products released during bacterial infection induce cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses that can be protective, but excessive release of inflammatory cytokines may promote development of the sepsis syndrome. We examined the ability of bacterial DNA to induce in vivo cytokine release and to potentiate the toxicity of LPS. Intravenous treatment of mice with Escherichia coli (EC) DNA, but not calf thymus (CT) DNA, induced a rapid (within 4 h) dose-dependent increase in serum IFN-gamma and splenic IFN-gamma-forming cells. Over 90% of splenic IFN-gamma-producing cells were identified by surface phenotype as NK cells. Mice also mounted an IFN-gamma response following challenge with 20-base oligonucleotide that contained an internal CG motif (but did not respond to a control oligonucleotide). Treatment of mice with EC DNA followed by a sublethal LPS challenge resulted in a 3-fold increase in the peak serum level of TNF-alpha and a 10-fold increase in the peak level of IL-6 compared with mice that received CT DNA followed by LPS. Mice treated with EC DNA followed by LPS showed 75% mortality, compared with no deaths in mice treated with CT DNA followed by LPS. EC DNA/LPS treatment of mice with disrupted IFN-gamma genes resulted in a 5% mortality while 59% of similarly treated +/+ mice died. Thus, bacterial DNA induces in vivo release of IFN-gamma which, in turn, is associated with an increase in LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 release, and with increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of LPS.
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PMID:Bacterial DNA induces NK cells to produce IFN-gamma in vivo and increases the toxicity of lipopolysaccharides. 864 98


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