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Query: UMLS:C0242706 (hyperoxia)
 5,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pontine cat is an ectothermic preparation, whose central temperature can artificially be lowered from 36 degrees C to 26 degrees C; this gradual hypothermia is accompanied by a dramatic increase in paradoxical sleep (PS). Two main hypotheses might explain this result: executive systems of PS might be switched on gradually by cold-sensitive thermodetectors, whereas inhibitory monoaminergic mechanisms appear to be warm-sensitive. On the other hand, energy saving mechanisms peculiar to hypothermia might promote PS appearance. Indeed, in normal animals, PS is selectively suppressed both by hyperthermia and hypoxia. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia might explain why hypothermia, which protects the brain against hypoxic alterations, might facilitate PS. If this last hypothesis is correct, the putative increase in cerebral oxygen supply might increase PS. For this reason, we submitted eight pontine carotid-deafferented cats, kept at the same central temperature (34 +/- 0.5 degrees C: temperature clamp) to periodic hyperoxia (PaO2 = 58 +/- 7 kPa) or room air (PaO2 = 17 +/- 2 kPa) alternatively during 4- or 12-h periods. Hyperoxia induced an 85% increase in PS, mainly due to an increase in PS rhythm (PS cycle duration was 65 +/- 4 min in normoxia and 45 +/- 4 min in hyperoxia, p<0.0001). In five animals, after hyperoxia, PS cycle returned gradually back to control values in 4 to 12 h. These findings show that PS is exquisitely sensitive to conditions that impair oxidative metabolism. The role of cholinergic executive PS systems as putative metabolic-sensitive neurons remains to be established.
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PMID:Hyperoxia increases paradoxical sleep rhythm in the pontine cat. 975 24

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many clinical disorders such as adult respiratory distress syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Genetically engineered animal models have been used as a tool for understanding the function of various antioxidant enzymes in cellular defense mechanisms against various types of oxidant tissue injury. Transgenic mice overexpressing three isoforms of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the cellular glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx-1) in various tissues show an increased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion heart and brain injury, hyperoxia, cold-induced brain edema, adriamycin, and paraquat toxicity. These results have provided for the first time direct evidence demonstrating the importance of each of these antioxidant enzymes in protecting the animals against the injury resulting from these insults, as well as the effect of an enhanced level of antioxidant in ameliorating the oxidant tissue injury. To evaluate further the nature of these enzymes in antioxidant defense, gene knockout mice deficient in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and GSHPx-1 have also been generated in our laboratory. These mice developed normally and showed no marked pathologic changes under normal physiologic conditions. In addition, a deficiency in these genes had no effects on animal survival under hyperoxida. However, these knockout mice exhibited a pronounced susceptibility to paraquat toxicity and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, female mice lacking CuZnSOD also displayed a marked increase in postimplantation embryonic lethality. These animals should provide a useful model for uncovering the identity of ROS that participate in the pathogenesis of various clinical disorders and for defining the role of each antioxidant enzyme in cellular defense against oxidant-mediated tissue injury.
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PMID:The nature of antioxidant defense mechanisms: a lesson from transgenic studies. 978 1

Cold-provoked intensification of oxygen consumption was correlated with individual radioresistance of mice. There was a positive correlation between the parameters in normoxia and hyperoxia, and a distinct negative correlation in hypoxia. Radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells, metronidasol, severed the correlation no matter what level of oxygenation in the course of irradiation. The hypothesis for intracellular pO2 as a mediator of the dependence of individual radioresistance on the gas exchange reactivity has been put forward.
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PMID:[Gas exchange as a factor of the body radiation resistance]. 981 38

The purpose of this study was to understand the nature of the biochemical and physiological variations between genetically different lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Selection for early or delayed reproduction has given rise to lines with substantial and heritable differences in longevity. The hypotheses tested were that either: (i) a compensatory slowing of metabolism, (ii) increased antioxidative enzyme activities, or (iii) elevated resistance to stressful conditions underlie these differences in longevity. The metabolic rate, metabolic potential (i.e. total amount of oxygen consumed during average lifespan) and speed of walking were all greater in long-lived than in short-lived flies, but there was no enhancement of antioxidant defenses. In fact, catalase activity was significantly lower in the long-lived flies. Long life was largely maintained under heat stress and starvation conditions, and was maintained to a lesser extent upon exposure to paraquat, a superoxide radical generator. In contrast, the 'short-lived' flies had a longer lifespan under cold stress and hyperoxia, also an inducer of radical generation. These results contradict the first two hypotheses and suggest that alleles underlying either long or short life are linked with enhanced resistance to specific kinds of stress, which may account for the preservation of these alleles in the parental population.
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PMID:Antioxidant status and stress resistance in long- and short-lived lines of Drosophila melanogaster. 1125 Jan 17

The survival rates for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants continue to increase while the morbidity rates show little improvement. Negative outcomes have been associated with hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypocarbia, barotrauma, intraventricular hemoRrhages, metabolic acidosis, cold stress, and overwhelming stimuli. Protection from iatrogenic harm must always be provided for the extremely fragile infant. Standards for resuscitation of the VLBW infant in the delivery room need to be expanded to reflect the physiologic and developmental care requirements. In this article, guidelines are proposed to address these needs.
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PMID:Developmental considerations for resuscitation of the VLBW infant. 1207 18

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate of mitochondrial oxidant production governs the aging process of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Catalase, an antioxidative enzyme expressed in the cytosol and peroxisomes of Drosophila, was targetted ectopically to the mitochondrial matrix by fusion of a leader peptide derived from ornithine aminotransferase with its N-terminus. The presence of the transgene encoding this fusion protein was associated with moderate (35 +/- 13%) increases in total catalase activity in most lines, and measurable levels of catalase activity in the mitochondria (30-140 U/mg protein). There was no impact on the life span of the flies at 25 degrees C, even in an exceptional line with a 149% increase in total catalase activity, and there was a small decrease in longevity at 29 degrees C. There were no compensatory changes in the rate of metabolism or physical activity, or in the levels of other major antioxidants, suggesting that the aging process was largely unaffected. Resistance to exogenous hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and cold stress was enhanced, but there was no appreciable effect on resistance to hyperoxia. The results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial antioxidant levels in the resistance to oxidative stress at the organismal level, and illustrate that different effects on aging and stress resistance may ensue from a single treatment. The main inferences drawn are that: (i) levels of stress resistance may neither be a cause nor a reliable indicator of the rate of aging, and (ii) bolstering antioxidant levels in Drosophila may not delay or slow down the aging process.
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PMID:Ectopic expression of catalase in Drosophila mitochondria increases stress resistance but not longevity. 1252 2

We compared maximum aerobic capacity during forced exercise (VO2max) in hypoxia (PO2=14% O2), normoxia (21%) and hyperoxia (30%) of lines of house mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running (S lines) with their four unselected control (C) lines. We also tested for pleiotropic effects of the ;mighty mini-muscle' allele, a Mendelian recessive that causes a 50% reduction in hind limb muscle but a doubling of mass-specific aerobic enzyme activity, among other pleiotropic effects. VO2max of female mice was measured during forced exercise on a motorized treadmill enclosed in a metabolic chamber that allowed altered PO2. Individual variation in VO2max was highly repeatable within each PO2, and values were also significantly correlated across PO2. Analysis of covariance showed that S mice had higher body-mass-adjusted VO2max than C at all PO2, ranging from +10.7% in hypoxia to +20.8% in hyperoxia. VO2max of S lines increased practically linearly with PO2, whereas that of C lines plateaued from normoxia to hyperoxia, and respiratory exchange ratio (=CO2 production/VO2max) was lower for S lines. These results suggest that the physiological underpinnings of VO2max differ between the S and C lines. Apparently, at least in S lines, peripheral tissues may sustain higher rates of oxidative metabolism if central organs provide more O2. Although the existence of central limitations in S lines cannot be excluded based solely on the present data, we have previously reported that both S and C lines can attain considerably higher VO2max during cold exposure in a He-O2 atmosphere, suggesting that limitations on VO2max depend on interactions between the central and peripheral organs involved. In addition, mini-muscle individuals had higher VO2max than did those with normal muscles, suggesting that the former might have higher hypoxia tolerance. This would imply that the mini-muscle phenotype could be a good model to test how exercise performance and hypoxia tolerance could evolve in a correlated fashion, as previous researchers have suggested.
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PMID:Maximum aerobic performance in lines of Mus selected for high wheel-running activity: effects of selection, oxygen availability and the mini-muscle phenotype. 1635 83

We have reviewed the role of afferent inputs and blood chemical changes to the central nervous system, and the way in which they modify the cough and expiration reflexes (CR and ER). Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs) augment the CR, insofar as when their activity is abolished the CRs from the tracheobronchial (TB) tree and larynx are abolished or weakened. However, stimulation of SARs by lung inflation has an inconsistent effect on the CR. Activation of SARs strongly potentiates the ER from the vocal folds, by a reflex mechanism, and inhibition of SARs weakens the ER. Bronchopulmonary C-fibre receptors inhibit the CR, as do capsaicin-sensitive afferents from the heart and splanchnic bed, cutaneous cold receptors and those that respond to chest wall vibration. Nasal receptors responsive to the irritant agent capsaicin potentiate the reflex. Acute hypoxia also augments the CR, and the reflex is down-regulated by carotid body resection. On the other hand, the CR is inhibited by prolonged hypoxia and hyperoxia, and by hypercapnia. Thus different inputs to the cough-controlling mechanism in the brainstem have very varied effects on the CR. We conclude that the sensitivities of the CR and ER can be modified in a large variety of physiological and clinical conditions, and that there is no clear relationship between the reflexes and changes in breathing caused by the interventions.
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PMID:Regulation of cough by secondary sensory inputs. 1658 27

The production of heat (or thermogenesis) and its response to cold improve very quickly around birth in both mammals and birds. The mechanisms for such rapid perinatal development are not fully understood. Previous experiments with hyperoxia suggested that, during the last phases of incubation, eggshell and membranes might pose a limit to oxygen availability. Hence, it was hypothesized that an improvement in oxygenation by opening the eggshell may contribute to the establishment of thermogenesis. Thermogenesis and its response to cold were measured by indirect calorimetry, in warm (38 degrees C) conditions and during 1-h exposure to 30 degrees C. Both improved throughout the various phases of the hatching process. During the latest incubation phases (internal pipping, IP, and star fracture of external pipping, EP), the removal of the eggshell in the region above the air cell raised metabolic rate both in warm and cold conditions (in IP) or the thermogenic response to cold (in EP). Adding hyperoxia after opening the eggshell caused no further increase in the thermogenic response. In cold-incubated embryos thermogenesis during the EP phase was much less than normal; in these embryos, increasing the oxygen availability did not improve thermogenesis. We conclude that oxygenation contributes to the maturation of the thermogenic mechanisms in the perinatal period as long as these mechanisms have initiated their normal developmental process.
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PMID:Oxygenation and establishment of thermogenesis in the avian embryo. 1803 77

Animal reports suggest that reflex activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves can evoke coronary vasoconstriction. Conversely, physiological stress may induce coronary vasodilation to meet an increased metabolic demand. Whether the sympathetic nervous system can modulate coronary vasomotor tone in response to stress in humans is unclear. Coronary blood velocity (CBV), an index of coronary blood flow, can be measured in humans by noninvasive duplex ultrasound. We studied 11 healthy volunteers and measured beat-by-beat changes in CBV, blood pressure, and heart rate during 1) static handgrip for 20 s at 10% and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction; 2) lower body negative pressure at -10 and -30 mmHg for 3 min each; 3) cold pressor test for 90 s; and 4) hypoxia (10% O(2)), hyperoxia (100% O(2)), and hypercapnia (5% CO(2)) for 5 min each. At the higher level of handgrip, mean blood pressure increased (P < 0.001), whereas CBV did not change [P = not significant (NS)]. In addition, during lower body negative pressure, CBV decreased (P < 0.02; and P < 0.01, for -10 and -30 mmHg, respectively), whereas blood pressure did not change (P = NS). The dissociation between the responses of CBV and blood pressure to handgrip and lower body negative pressure is consistent with coronary vasoconstriction. During hypoxia, CBV increased (P < 0.02) and decreased during hyperoxia (P < 0.01), although blood pressure did not change (P = NS), suggesting coronary vasodilation during hypoxia and vasoconstriction during hyperoxia. In contrast, concordant increases in CBV and blood pressure were noted during the cold pressor test, and hypercapnia had no effects on either parameter. Thus the physiological stress known to be associated with sympathetic activation can produce coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Contrasting responses were noted during systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia where mechanisms independent of autonomic influences appear to dominate the vascular end-organ effects.
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PMID:Coronary blood flow responses to physiological stress in humans. 1916 24


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