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Query: UMLS:C0242429 (sore throat)
 2,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two doses of a live, attentuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine virus (inhibitor-insensitive Alice strain) were administered intranasally to 130 university students, and placebo was given to 134 students. Fourfold or greater rises in titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody occurred in 68% of all vaccine recipients and in 88% of those with initial titers of less than 1:8; the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody increased from 1:15 to 1:77. A 3.2-fold rise in titer of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody occurred in 24% of the students. Side effects produced by administration of the vaccine include mild rhinitis and sore throat, which were found only during the first four days after administration of the first dose. Inhibitor-insensitive virus was shed only by three of 31 intensively studied vaccine recipients; these three subjects all had initial serum titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of less than 1:8. No transmission of vaccine virus to spouses was detected. During a 12-month interval after vaccination, the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in serum and the prevalence of antibody decreased minimally among the 47 vaccine recipients still available for study.
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PMID:Live, attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) virus vaccine: a field trial. 77 2

In reviewing recent advances in upper respiratory tract infections, we focus on five key topics. First, the use of ribavirin in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection has been limited to the immunosuppressed. Prophylaxis in high-risk patients with specific immunoglobulin is effective and a new monoclonal antibody shows promise. Second, the efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of influenza has become established. There are unresolved concerns about early implementation of therapy without a firm diagnosis; resource implications are enormous. Third, an outbreak of influenza due to avian influenza virus (H5N1) raised the possibility of a new pandemic. However, there was minimal person-to-person spread although much was learned about pathogenesis of infection. Fourth, evidence favoring the use of ciprofloxacin rather than rifampicin for meningococcal chemoprophylaxis is reviewed. Efficacy in eradicating nasopharyngeal carriage is excellent. Finally, the management of sore throat has been considered. This remains controversial but evidence supporting antibiotic therapy in adults is lacking. If treatment is indicated in childhood, shorter courses of antibiotics may be effective.
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PMID:Upper respiratory tract infections. 1022 40

Influenza is a serious disease for the elderly. Influenza causes high fever in the elderly, similar as in healthy adults. Cough lasts longer, but frequency and degree of sore throat and coryza is lower in the elderly. Rapid diagnosis kits based on enzyme-linked immunoassay contribute to quick diagnosis, improving treatment of the elderly. Amantadine can mitigate various symptoms and hastens recovery. Other newly developed neuraminidase inhibitors are also hopeful for treatment. The poor prognosis of influenza in the elderly is associated with a high frequency of pneumonia complications. Decreased serum albumin level is a risk factor for post-influenza pneumonia. To reduce excess influenza death in the elderly, prophylaxis and management of the general health condition of elderly patients may be most important.
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PMID:[Clinical features of influenza in the aged]. 1122 12

Influenza is a serious disease for the elderly. Although influenza causes a high fever in the elderly similar to that of healthy adults, the cough lasts longer but frequency and degree of sore throat and coryza are lower in the elderly. A characteristic of influenza in the elderly is a high frequency of pneumonia complications. Decreased serum albumin level is a good indicator of the risk of post-influenza pneumonia. Rapid diagnosis kits have contributed to better diagnosis of influenza in clinical practice. In addition to amantadine, newly developed neuraminidase inhibitors are available for treatment of influenza. These drugs can mitigate various symptoms efficiently and hasten recovery. To treat influenza in the elderly, not only are prophylaxis and treatment of pneumonia important, but management of the general health condition is essential.
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PMID:[Clinical characteristic of the elderly in influenza infection]. 1461 33

In December 2003, the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 occurred among poultry in 8 Asian countries. A limited number of human H5N1 infections have been reported from Vietnam and Thailand, with a mortality rate approaching 70%. Deaths have occurred in otherwise healthy young individuals, which is reminiscent of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. The main presenting features were fever, pneumonitis, lymphopenia, and diarrhea. Notably, sore throat, conjunctivitis, and coryza were absent. The H5N1 strains are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine but are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, which can be used for treatment and prophylaxis. The widespread epidemic of avian influenza in domestic birds increases the likelihood for mutational events and genetic reassortment. The threat of a future pandemic from avian influenza is real. Adequate surveillance, development of vaccines, outbreak preparedness, and pandemic influenza planning are important. This article summarizes the current knowledge on avian influenza, including the virology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of this emerging disease.
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PMID:Avian influenza: a new pandemic threat? 1506 17

Since the onset of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, the virus has caused significant morbidity and mortality. Most cases of 2009 H1N1 have presented as mild febrile illnesses with cough, sore throat, and occasional gastrointestinal symptoms. Dyspnea has been more commonly associated with the onset of severe pulmonary disease. Unlike seasonal influenza, the prevalence of 2009 H1N1 is greatest among children and young adults, although older patients and those with comorbidities are more likely to experience worse clinical outcomes. Among the most severely affected, critical illness evolves within 4 to 6 days from symptom onset, and approximately 70% of these patients require mechanical ventilation ranging in duration from days to weeks. Compared with prior influenza seasons, the need for rescue oxygenation therapy with nitric oxide, prone ventilation, high-frequency oscillation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has increased. Specific medical care with neuraminidase inhibitors and antibiotics for secondary bacterial pneumonia are the mainstays of therapy. With optimal care, mortality rates range from 5% to 7% among those hospitalized and reach approximately 20% among those admitted to the intensive care unit.
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PMID:2009 influenza A (H1N1): a clinical review. 2046 16

The first confirmed case of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Fukuoka, Japan was reported in early-June 2009. The disease rapidly spread through this area, mainly in schools, until there were no new cases detected 3 weeks later. We describe herein the clinical characteristics of this novel infection that came to light through the investigation of this outbreak. The patient records at hospitals and local public health centers were reviewed, and we defined laboratory-confirmed cases as those of a person who had influenza-like symptoms, such as a fever of 37C or more, cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea, or headache. From May 19 to June 31, 2009, a total of 71 cases were identified. The median age was 11 years, and all the patient took neuraminidase inhibitors and fully recovered. The fevers lasted for 1 to 5 days (median, 2). Cough lasted for 2 to 11 days (median, 7), and in 10 cases (34.5%) cough started before the fever. The incubation period was 2 to 3 days. Infectors transmitted the disease to another person on the day of or the day before fever onset. The findings regarding the onset and duration of symptoms and the timing of disease transmission of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) may be useful for future response.
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PMID:Onset and duration of symptoms and timing of disease transmission of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in an outbreak in Fukuoka, Japan, June 2009. 2085 98

Influenza is a contagious airborne viral illness characterized by abrupt onset of symptoms. Fever, myalgia, headache, rhinitis, sore throat, and cough are commonly reported symptoms. The diagnosis should be made clinically, and the decision to begin antiviral therapy should not be delayed for laboratory confirmation of influenza. The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus is expected to continue to circulate during the 2010-2011 season, but it is not certain whether it will replace or cocirculate with seasonal influenza A subtypes that have been circulating since 1977. The 2009 H1N1 virus is largely resistant to adamantanes, but it is sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir. Neuraminidase inhibitors have modest effectiveness in reducing influenza-related symptoms in patients at low risk of complications. Patients at high risk of complications, including pregnant women, should be treated with antiviral agents, preferably within 48 hours of symptom onset. Family physicians should follow guidelines from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention when treating patients with influenza or influenza-like symptoms.
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PMID:Management of influenza. 2112 54

Since 1997, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza have increased in frequency and severity. In December 2003, an outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza occurred in poultry in eight Asian countries. Vietnam and Thailand also reported human infection due to H5H1 avian influenza virus. Outbreaks of avian influenza (flu) among poultry continue and Thailand has reported human mortality in a second wave of human avian influenza in the year 2004. The main presenting features of avian influenza H5N1 in humans are fever, pneumonitis, lymphopenia and diarrhoea. Notably coryza, sore throat and conjunctivitis were absent. H5N1 strains are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors which can be used for treatment and prophylaxis. India has been lucky so far, but with emerging infectious diseases, what can be predicted is that the unpredictable will happen and with a population exceeding one billion, the impact will be disastrous. The mortality rate of H5H1 avian influenza has been greater than 70% so far. The need of the hour is to have a proactive National Pandemic Influenza Respone and Preparedness Plan which should outline a coordinated national strategy to prepare for and respond to an influenza pandemic which is probably imminent. How prepared are we to handle it, is the question that all nations must ask themselves. This article summarises the current knowledge about this emerging infectious disease, the current global situation and the surveillance and diagnostic recommendations.
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PMID:Avian influenza: risk to human health and the need for an effective government policy. 2188 76

Epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza B Victoria and Yamagata lineages remained poorly understood in the tropical Southeast Asia region, despite causing seasonal outbreaks worldwide. From 2012-2014, nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from outpatients experiencing acute upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were screened for influenza viruses using a multiplex RT-PCR assay. Among 2,010/3,935 (51.1%) patients infected with at least one respiratory virus, 287 (14.3%) and 183 (9.1%) samples were tested positive for influenza A and B viruses, respectively. Influenza-positive cases correlate significantly with meteorological factors-total amount of rainfall, relative humidity, number of rain days, ground temperature and particulate matter (PM10). Phylogenetic reconstruction of haemagglutinin (HA) gene from 168 influenza B viruses grouped them into Yamagata Clade 3 (65, 38.7%), Yamagata Clade 2 (48, 28.6%) and Victoria Clade 1 (55, 32.7%). With neuraminidase (NA) phylogeny, 30 intra-clade (29 within Yamagata Clade 3, 1 within Victoria Clade 1) and 1 inter-clade (Yamagata Clade 2-HA/Yamagata Clade 3-NA) reassortants were identified. Study of virus temporal dynamics revealed a lineage shift from Victoria to Yamagata (2012-2013), and a clade shift from Yamagata Clade 2 to Clade 3 (2013-2014). Yamagata Clade 3 predominating in 2014 consisted of intra-clade reassortants that were closely related to a recent WHO vaccine candidate strain (B/Phuket/3073/2013), with the reassortment event occurred approximately 2 years ago based on Bayesian molecular clock estimation. Malaysian Victoria Clade 1 viruses carried H274Y substitution in the active site of neuraminidase, which confers resistance to oseltamivir. Statistical analyses on clinical and demographic data showed Yamagata-infected patients were older and more likely to experience headache while Victoria-infected patients were more likely to experience nasal congestion and sore throat. This study describes the evolution of influenza B viruses in Malaysia and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance for better vaccination policy in this region.
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PMID:Epidemiological and Evolutionary Dynamics of Influenza B Viruses in Malaysia, 2012-2014. 2631 54


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