Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242429 (sore throat)
 2,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated an outbreak of headache, eye irritation, sore throat, nasal congestion, and nausea in an office complex, ongoing for three months and regularly resolved upon leaving the building. Investigation suggested that the etiology of the illness was malfunctioning fluorescent light ballasts , which overheated and resulted in melting and volatilization of contained asphalt . Correction of the problem resulted in almost complete disappearance of symptoms within two weeks.
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PMID:Outbreak of illness due to volatilized asphalt coming from a malfunctioning fluorescent lighting fixture. 672 Oct 22

Nasal congestion, dry nose and throat, and sore throat affect approximately 40% of patients using nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The mechanisms causing nasal symptoms are unclear, but mouth leaks causing high unidirectional nasal airflow may be important. We conducted a study to investigate the effects of mouth leak and the influence of humidification on nasal resistance in normal subjects. Nasal resistance was measured with posterior rhinomanometry in six normal subjects who deliberately produced a mouth leak for 10 min while using nasal CPAP. Nasal resistance was measured regularly for 20 min after the challenge. A series of tests were performed using air at differing temperatures and humidities. There was no change in nasal resistance when subjects breathed through their noses while on CPAP, but a mouth leak caused a large increase in resistance (at a flow of 0.5 L/s) from a baseline mean of 2.21 cm H2O/L/s to a maximum mean of 7.52 cm H2O/L/s at 1 min after the challenge. Use of a cold passover humidifier caused little change in the response (maximum mean: 8.27 cm H2O/L/s), but a hot water bath humidifier greatly attenuated the magnitude (maximum mean: 4.02 cm H2O/L/s) and duration of the response. Mouth leak with nasal CPAP leads to high unidirectional nasal airflow, which causes a large increase in nasal resistance. This response can be largely prevented by fully humidifying the inspired air.
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PMID:Mouth leak with nasal continuous positive airway pressure increases nasal airway resistance. 868 Jun 78

In 1997, passengers on North American cruises developed acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs); influenza was suspected. We reviewed 1 ship's medical records for 3 cruises: cruise 1 (31 August to 10 September 1997), cruise 2 (11-20 September 1997), and cruise 3 (20-30 September 1997). Medically attended ARI was defined as any 2 of the following symptoms: fever (temperature, > or =37.8 degrees C) or feverishness, sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, chills, myalgia, and arthralgia. During cruise 2, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs for viral culture from people with ARI and surveyed passengers for self-reported ARI (defined as above except feverishness was substituted for fever). The outbreak probably began among Australian passengers on cruise 1 (relative risk, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.89-5.77). Of 1284 passengers on cruise 2, 215 (17%) reported ARI, 994 (77%) were aged > or =65 years, and 336 (26%) had other risk factors for respiratory complications. An influenza strain not previously identified in North America was isolated. We concluded that an "off-season" influenza outbreak occurred among international travelers and crew on board this cruise ship.
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PMID:Cruise ships: high-risk passengers and the global spread of new influenza viruses. 1098 1

With the increased utilization of school buildings on a year-round basis, school indoor air quality has become a national concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible associations between ventilation system type and occupant perception of indoor air quality. Staff (n = 403) from 12 schools completed a self-administered questionnaire. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, air exchange rates, and particle counts were also measured for each school. Schools with unit ventilator (UV) systems had the lowest mean CO2 level at 637 ppm, followed by the variable air volume (VAV) systems with 664 ppm, and constant volume (CV) systems with a mean of 703 ppm. Schools with UV systems had the lowest mean air exchange rate at 2.67 air changes per hour (ACH), followed by the VAV system type at 2.80 ACH and the CV system type at 4.61 ACH. Indoor versus outdoor particle ratios were calculated for each ventilation system type. Particles with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 0.1-1.0 microm had a geometric mean ratio ranging from 0.38 to 0.68; particles with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 1-3 microm had ratios ranging from 1.39 to 5.47, and particles with aerodynamic diameters greater than 3 microm had ratios ranging from 3.20 to 14.76. Schools using VAV systems had a significantly lower prevalence of red and watery eyes while schools with UV systems had an elevated prevalence of nasal congestion, sore throat, headache, and dustiness complaints. This increased prevalence of complaints in buildings with UV systems may be due to the increased particulate levels.
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PMID:Perceptions of indoor air quality associated with ventilation system types in elementary schools. 1159 44

To create a clinical prediction index that aids in the diagnosis of picornavirus respiratory infections, we analyzed patients from 5 clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of an antiviral treatment for respiratory infections. Logistic regression was used to determine which baseline symptoms and patient characteristics best predicted picornavirus infection. Parameter estimates were then used to create a predictive index for estimating the probability of picornavirus infection on the basis of cold symptoms. The presence at baseline of rhinorrhea (odds ratio [OR], 2.73), nasal congestion (OR, 1.63), and sore throat (OR, 1.37) increased the likelihood of picornavirus infection; the presence of myalgia (OR, 0.71) and fever (OR, 0.59) decreased the likelihood. The positive and negative predictive values of the model were 61.5% and 64.4%, respectively. The model was simplified for clinical use by creating a whole-number index: the lowest possible score (-3) indicates a 15% chance of picornavirus infection and the highest (7) indicates a 69% chance of picornavirus infection.
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PMID:Development of a predictive index for picornavirus infections. 1253 64

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and pseudoephedrine (PSE) are often administered together for the treatment of symptoms of the common cold, i.e., nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat and headache. Based on this fact we developed a fixed combination of 500 mg ASA and 30 mg PSE, the recommended doses for both drugs for treating symptoms of the common cold, as granulate to be dissolved in water for administration. The purpose of this open, randomized, three-factorial (three-treatment, three-period, six-sequence) Latin Square clinical study was to investigate the relative bioavailability of ASA and PSE as well as the establishment of bioequivalence after single administration of the fixed combination (final formulation for approval) of 500 mg ASA/30 mg PSE*HCl and the preliminary formulation of this combination. Pharmacokinetic characteristics AUC(norm) and C(max,norm) of ASA, its metabolite SA, and PSE, were determined as measure of rate and extent of absorption of the two formulations. The treatment ratios final/preliminary formulation and their corresponding 90% confidence intervals were calculated to establish bioequivalence. Additionally, descriptive statistics were calculated for the parameters t(max), t((1/2)), and mean residence time (MRT). In total, data from 18 healthy male volunteers were included in the pharmacokinetic evaluation. The primary target parameters were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) after logarithmic transformation of the data. Confidence intervals of 90% were calculated for the geometric means of ratios using the mean square error term of the ANOVA. Bioequivalence criteria were fulfilled for AUC(norm) and C(max,norm). Geometric means of individual ratios of AUC(norm) and of C(max,norm) showed equal bioavailability of the new formulation compared with the preliminary. Furthermore, a relative bioavailability of approximately 100% of the preliminary formulation was shown for the newly developed formulation for all parameters. The parameters t(max), t((1/2)), and MRT showed comparable results for ASA, SA, and PSE, respectively, in both formulations. The supplementary evaluation for the non-normalized original parameters AUC and C(max) also revealed bioequivalence. For the newly developed formulation, the arithmetic means of the parameters AUC and C(max) for PSE were 1040.66 mg/h*l and 134.52 mg/l, for SA 142.28 mg/h*l and 30.34 mg/l, respectively. The median t(max) values were 0.67 h for PSE and 0.92 h for SA. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated.
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PMID:Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of a newly developed fixed combination sachet of acetylsalicylic acid and pseudoephedrine compared with a preliminary combination. 1467 81

It was the aim of this clinical study to demonstrate the efficacy of 1000 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, CAS 50-78-2) in combination with 60 mg pseudoephedrine (PSE, CAS 90-82-4), compared with placebo, in the symptomatic treatment of nasal congestion associated with the common cold. A further aim was to demonstrate the efficacy of 500 mg ASA + 30 mg PSE and of 1000 mg paracetamol (CAS 103-90-2) + 60 mg PSE (active control) in the symptomatic treatment of nasal congestion. The study was designed as a randomized, two-center, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-dose efficacy and safety trial over 6 h and was carried out in the USA. In total, at two centers, 643 patients who had a history and diagnosis of acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), were included; they showed symptoms such as nasal congestion, scratchy/sore throat, headache, generalized muscle ache, earache, runny nose, fever, sneezing etc. The investigational drugs ASA and PSE were both provided as granules in sachets and the granules were dissolved in water before administration; the combined preparation of paracetamol + PSE was administered as commercially available tablets encapsulated for blinding. For all preparations, matching placebos were provided. The primary efficacy variable was the area under the curve for differences from baseline on a nasal congestion scale in the first 2 h after treatment. To be eligible for the study, otherwise healthy volunteers were to present with nasal stuffiness of recent onset that reached a score of at least 6 on the 11-point scale for nasal congestion (0 = not stuffy, 10 = very stuffy). The primary analysis of the primary efficacy variable was calculated by analysis of variance including treatment group, severity (moderate/severe) and center as main strata. The analysis was performed using the intent-to-treat population. All active treatments proved to be statistically significantly superior to placebo with regard to the primary efficacy variable. Significant superiority of active treatment compared with placebo could also be demonstrated for an interval of up to 6 h after intake of the drug and for the relief of nasal congestion. The lower dose did not reveal significant different results compared with placebo for relief of nasal congestion in patients with a severe nasal congestion score at baseline. As well in patients with moderate nasal congestion score (NCS) at start of the study the difference from baseline in the NCS compared with placebo was not statistically significant. Thus a trend towards better efficacy in the higher dose could be assumed. No difference was found between 1000 mg ASA + 60 mg PSE and the active control. There were no differences between the two centers. The treatment proved to be safe and well tolerated, without relevant differences between the four treatment groups. Main adverse events were found to be related to the upper respiratory tract infection or were of gastrointestinal nature. In conclusion, the combination of ASA with PSE can be considered as an effective and safe remedial for the symptomatic treatment of the nasal congestion during URTI.
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PMID:Clinical, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the combination of acetylsalicylic acid and pseudoephedrine for the symptomatic treatment of nasal congestion associated with common cold. 1550 Jan 97

Historically, unpleasant odors have been considered warning signs or indicators of potential risks to human health but not necessarily direct triggers of health effects. However, citizen complaints to public health agencies suggest that odors may not simply serve as a warning of potential risks but that odor sensations themselves may cause health symptoms. Mal-odors emitted from large animal production facilities and wastewater treatment plants, for example, elicit complaints of eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, nausea, diarrhea, hoarseness, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, nasal congestion, palpitations, shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, and alterations in mood. There are at least three mechanisms by which ambient odors may produce health symptoms. First, symptoms can be induced by exposure to odorants (compounds with odor properties) at levels that also cause irritation or other toxicological effects. That is, irritation--rather than the odor--is the cause of the health symptoms, and odor (the sensation) simply serves as an exposure marker. Second, health symptoms from odorants at non-irritant concentrations can be due to innate (genetically coded) or learned aversions. Third, symptoms may be due to a co-pollutant (such as endotoxin) that is part of an odorant mixture. Objective biomarkers of health symptoms must be obtained, however, to determine if health complaints constitute health effects. One industry that is receiving much attention, worldwide, related to this subject is concentrated animal production agriculture. Sustainability of this industry will likely necessitate the development of new technologies to mitigate odorous aerial emissions. Examples of such "environmentally superior technologies" (EST) developed under the initiative sponsored through agreements between the Attorney General of North Carolina and Smithfield Foods and Premium Standard Farms are described.
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PMID:Science of odor as a potential health issue. 1564 42

Streptococcus gordonii shows promise as a live mucosal vaccine vector for immunization against respiratory pathogens. In preparation for clinical trials to evaluate S. gordonii engineered to express group A streptococcal M protein antigens, we characterized the responses of 150 healthy volunteers to combined nasal and oral inoculation with approximately 1.5 x 10(9) CFU of SP204(1-1), an S. gordonii strain not bearing vaccine antigens. SP204(1-1) was selected for resistance to streptomycin and 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine to distinguish it from indigenous flora. In two antibiotic treatment studies, we performed serial culturing of nose, mouth, and saliva samples from 120 subjects treated with azithromycin beginning 5 days after inoculation to determine whether SP204(1-1) could be rapidly eliminated should safety concerns arise. A natural history study was performed to assess the time until spontaneous eradication in the remaining 30 subjects, who did not receive the antibiotic and who were monitored with repeated culturing for 14 weeks after inoculation. SP204(1-1) was generally well tolerated. Symptoms reported most often within 5 days of inoculation were nasal congestion (36%), headache (30%), and sore throat (19%). The strain was detected by culturing in 98% of subjects. A single dose of azithromycin eliminated colonization in 95% of subjects; all subjects receiving a 5-day course of an antibiotic showed clearance by day 11. Without the antibiotic, 82% of subjects showed spontaneous eradication of the implanted strain within 7 days, and all showed clearance by 35 days. The results of these clinical trials provide encouragement that the use of S. gordonii as a live mucosal vaccine vector is a feasible strategy.
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PMID:Clinical and microbiological responses of volunteers to combined intranasal and oral inoculation with a Streptococcus gordonii carrier strain intended for future use as a group A streptococcus vaccine. 1578 82

During December 2001 we conducted a field study of 183 clean-up and recovery workers at the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster site to assess respiratory health effects potentially resulting from their work at the site. On site, we administered a respiratory health questionnaire designed to assess upper respiratory symptoms and lower respiratory symptoms, including cough, phlegm, and wheeze, as well as indices of exposure, including number of days worked at the site and job category. Spirometry was conducted for 175 workers. Sixty-five percent of the workers surveyed arrived at the site without lower respiratory symptoms. Of this group, 34% developed cough, 24% developed phlegm, and 19% developed wheeze. Prevalence rates of these symptoms were related to the number of days spent working at the WTC, but not job category. The mean percentage predicted FEV(1) and FVC were 6% and 5% lower, respectively, for workers who developed new lower respiratory symptoms compared to those who remained symptom free. While the development of new wheeze suggested the presence of airway obstruction, the near-normal distribution of age-adjusted FEV(1)/FVC ratios suggested that the degree of obstruction was mild. The prevalence rates of upper airway symptoms (nasal congestion, sore throat, hoarse throat) exceeded those of lower respiratory symptoms, however, it was not determined whether symptoms pre-dated arrival at the WTC site.
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PMID:Respiratory effects of inhalation exposure among workers during the clean-up effort at the World Trade Center disaster site. 1605 32


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