Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242429 (sore throat)
 2,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent evidence indicates that very early therapy will improve prognosis and perhaps even eradicate HIV; however, primary HIV infection is not being recognized because the diagnosis is not considered. To aid in early HIV diagnosis, the natural history of Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS) is outlined, including clinical presentations. It is known that a large proportion of patients seek medical attention during the acute retroviral infection stage at which time the patient most commonly suffers from either fever, sore throat, fatigue, weight loss, and/or myalgia. Although data are limited, there is a strong case for starting antiretroviral therapy as soon as possible after a patient is diagnosed with ARS. Duration of treatment has yet to be determined. Recommendations for an initial diagnostic and therapeutic approach when a patient presents with possible ARS are provided.
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PMID:Primary HIV infection and the acute retroviral syndrome. 1136 21

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positive vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of disorders. They can be disabling multi-organ system conditions. Involvement of small and occasionally medium-sized blood vessels is generally the rule. Recent classification changes and advances in laboratory testing have made it easier to work up a patient suspected of having an ANCA-associated vasculitis. Syndromes can at times overlap, leaving a class of patient that does not fit into one specific group. Patients frequently present with a myriad of symptoms ranging from sore throat, fever, athralgias and myalgias, to overt hemorrhage and/or renal failure. The standard treatment remains immunosuppression with steroids, as well as the use of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or methotrexate. Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are also used. Gastrointestinal complications are a rare manifestation, first described in polyarteritis nodosa and more recently noted in Wegener's granulomatosis. This paper describes a patient with ANCA positive vasculitis who had a spontaneous rupture of the middle colic artery and multiple superior mesenteric aneurisms. It reviews current literature on the ANCA positive vasculitides, including current classification and treatment modalities.
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PMID:Middle colic artery rupture in a patient with ANCA associated vasculitis: a case report. 1554 May 71

Hyperuricemia is present in about 5% of the population, and allopurinol is frequently used to treat it. The use of this drug can be associated with a number of side effects, indicating allergic reactions, such as skin rash, reversible after its withdrawal. In some cases more severe hypersensitivity reactions may be seen, such as erythema multiforme exudativum, or Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS). Reversible clinical hepatotoxicity, as well as acute renal failure, may also develop after allopurinol therapy. We describe here the case of a 74-year-old woman with chronic renal failure who was admitted to hospital after 1 week of sore throat and fever, presenting mucous membrane lesions, widespread blistering of the skin, evolving to flaccid vesicles and bullae, and extensive epidermal detachment associated with acute renal failure and cholestatic jaundice. A diagnosis of allopurinol-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was established. Allopurinol was discontinued, and intensive care management was required: the patient was successfully treated by using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), standard hemodialysis, and albumin dialysis (Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System - MARS, Teraklin AG, Rostock, Germany). Allopurinol-induced TEN is extremely rare, however, the survival rate is extremely low. Clinicians should be aware of this potentially severe adverse effect. This report emphasizes the importance of an aggressive pharmacological and dialysis treatment in the case of TEN.
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PMID:Acute renal and hepatic failure associated with allopurinol treatment. 1904 11

Lemierre's syndrome is a rare but a life threatening condition which affects young healthy individuals, was first described by Dr.Andre Lemierre in 1936. Incidence rates are between 0.6 and 2.3 per million population. It is found more commonly in males, with a male to female ratio of approximately 2:1. Its pathogenesis consists of the development of infectious thrombophlebitis in the internal jugular vein or one of its branches caused by a focal sepsis, mostly localized in the oropharynx, leading to generalized multiorgan metastatic infections, generally to the lung. This computerized tomography (CT) neck with intravenous contrast is from a 24 year old female who presented with a two day history of fever, hypotension and respiratory failure. The physical exam was positive for diminished breath sounds bilaterally on lung exam. Complete blood count revealed a leukocytosis of 16,200 u/L with 70% neutrophils and 9% bands, hemoglobin of 13.4mg/dl and severe thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 34,000 u/L; comprehensive metabolic panel revealed sodium 140mmol/L, potassium 2.9mmol/L, bicarbonate 26mmol/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 16mg/dl, creatinine 0.8mg/dl, calcium 7.2 mg/dl, albumin 2.4g/dl, total bilurubin 3.1mg/dl, AST 81 U/L, ALK 101 U/L, ALT 35U/L. CT chest revealed multiple cavitary opacities in both lungs. Blood cultures were positive for Fusobacterium necrophorum. CT scan neck showed a filling defect of the right internal jugular vein consistent with a thrombus and multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Treatment is medical with intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation. References: 1. Carlson ER, Bergamo DF, Coccia CT. Lemierre's syndrome: two cases of a forgotten disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 52:74-78. 2. Moore-Gillon J, Lee TH, Eykyn SJ, Phillips I. Necrobacillosis: a forgotten disease. BMJ 1984;288:1526-1527. 3. Jones C, Siva TM, Seymour FK, O'Reilly BJ. Lemierre's syndrome presenting with peritonsillar abscess and VIth cranial nerve palsy. J Laryngol Otol 2006;120:502-504 4. Mohammed Iqbal Syed et al. Lemierre Syndrome: Two Cases and a Review. Laryngoscope, 117:1605-1610, 2007 5. Vohra A, Saiz E, Ratzan KR. A young woman with a sore throat, septicaemia, and respiratory failure. Lancet 1997; 350:928.
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PMID:"A forgotten disease": a case of Lemierre syndrome. 1946 52

An 18-year-old male was admitted to the Accident & Emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. He was clinically jaundiced and further CT scan suggested liver abscess. Later on blood cultures showed gram-negative bacilli and a further liver aspirate culture confirmed the presence of the rare Fusobacterium necrophorum. A diagnosis of hepatic abscess secondary to Lemierre's syndrome was made and patient was treated with appropriate antibiotics. Lemierre's syndrome, although a rare condition, may be associated with serious life-threatening complications. Early recognition and treatment is essential in successfully treating this rare condition. A review of Lemierre's syndrome is presented. We recommend clinicians to be aware of this condition (Lemierre's Syndrome) especially when dealing with young patients with sore throat and jaundice. It is important for primary care physicians to be aware of this condition as they are discouraged from prescribing antibiotics for young patients with sore throat. Although it is a rare condition, it is associated with severe life threatening complication like liver abscesses.
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PMID:Lemierre's syndrome secondary to Fusobacterium necrophorum infection, a rare cause of hepatic abscess. 2016 40

An elongated styloid process is an unusual source of craniofacial and cervical pain. This condition is characterized by a dull, nagging pharyngeal pain and a palpatory finding in the tonsillar fossa. Eagle described it for the first time in 1937 as Eagle's Syndrome and divided it into two subtypes: the "classic syndrome" and the "stylo-carotid syndrome." The syndrome generally follows tonsillectomy or trauma. Diagnosis is confirmed by radiological findings. Palpation of the styloid process in the tonsillar fossa and infiltration with anesthetic are also used for making a diagnosis. This article presents a case report of a patient with a history of throat pain that was relieved after surgical treatment.
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PMID:Elongated styloid process: an unusual cause of neck pain and difficulty in swallowing. 2183 94

Elongated styloid process as cause of throat pain & otalgia is common, as found in classical Eagle' Syndrome However, elongated styloid presenting with headache due to impingement an carotid artery and neurological structures like glossopharyngeal nerve, is very uncommon presentation. Here such a case with fifteen years of history of being treated as migraine, relieved by styloidectomy by Eagte' technique and with a long symptom-free follow up of several years, is presented. For the clinician it is important to be aware of such clinical variants to successfully diagnose such head & neck pain cases, as resecting them surgically, resolves the symptoms completely.
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PMID:Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome) & severe headache. 2311 3

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect humans and animals. Infection by CoVs such as HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43 and -HKU1 leads to the common cold, short lasting rhinitis, cough, sore throat and fever. However, CoVs such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newest SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) lead to severe and deadly diseases with mortality rates ranging between ~1 to 35% depending on factors such as age and pre-existing conditions. Despite continuous global health threats to humans, there are no approved vaccines or drugs targeting human CoVs, and the recent outbreak of COVID-19 emphasizes an urgent need for therapeutic interventions. Using computational and bioinformatics tools, here we present the feasibility of reported broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitors as anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting its main RNA polymerase, suggesting that investigational and approved nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitors have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. However, we note that it is also possible for SARS-CoV-2 to evolve and acquire drug resistance mutations against these nucleoside inhibitors.
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PMID:Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs. 3235 71

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as the culprit of the highly infectious, outbreak named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Now declared a public health emergency, this pandemic is present in more than 200 countries with over 14 million cases and 600,000 deaths as of July 18, 2020. Primarily transmitted through the respiratory tract, the most common clinical presentations of symptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 include fever, dyspnea, cough, fatigue, and sore throat. In advanced cases, patients may rapidly develop respiratory failure with acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even progress to death. While it is known that COVID-19 manifests similarly to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), primarily affecting the pulmonary system, the impact of the disease extends far beyond the respiratory system and affects other organs of the body. The literature regarding the extrapulmonary manifestations (cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, ocular, dermatologic, and neurological) of COVID-19 is scant. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the organ-specific clinical manifestations of COVID-19, to increase awareness about the various organs affected by SARS-CoV-2 and to provide a brief insight into the similarities and differences in the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and the earlier SARS and MERS.
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PMID:Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19. 3290 92