Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242429 (sore throat)
 2,760 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study of patients with fever and petechiae was performed. Of 190 patients enrolled in the 1-year study, 13 (7%) had meningococcal disease. The most common bacterial association was Streptococcus pyogenes (19 patients). Viral infections were documented in 28 patients. Patients with invasive bacterial disease (group I) appeared more sick, were more likely to have signs of meningeal irritation, and were more likely to have petechiae on the lower extremities than those with less serious, nonbacteremic disease (group II). No patient in group I had petechiae only above the nipple line. Patients in group I had a significantly higher peripheral white blood cell count and absolute band form count. Although no laboratory test or physical finding was sufficiently sensitive to detect all patients with serious disease, the patient with abnormal cerebrospinal fluid, elevated white blood cell count, or elevated absolute band form count was at increased risk for invasive, bacterial disease. Conversely, the risk of serious disease was small if all of these values were in the normal range in the nonill-appearing child or if sore throat and clinical pharyngitis were present in the patient older than 3 years of age.
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PMID:Fever and petechiae in children. 223 43

In the nursing home belonging to our hospital, an outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) occurred in January 1995, and we studied 23 elderly residents with influenza A infection. Twenty three residents with influenza A (8 males and 15 females) ranged in age from 67 to 95 years (average 83.1 years), 91.3% of them were bedridden. And all had underlying medical conditions with neurologic, cardiac, orthopedic, being the most frequent. The most common complaints were fever (100%), followed by cough (95.7%), sputum (60.9%), but sore throat was significantly less frequent. Influenza A virus was isolated from throat swab specimens from 6 of 18 ill patients. Fourteen persons were hospitalized and 2 of them had pneumonia, but nobody died. The levels of CRP, WBC were significantly high in the influenza group, as compared to the non influenza group. So this result suggested that influenza A infection among elderly subjects was apt to cause bacterial infection such as bronchitis and pneumonia. This outbreak was caused by contact from the staff to residents, so we think the health care of the staffs and prevention of influenza should be a high priority in nursing homes.
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PMID:[An outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in a nursing home]. 869 92

Focal infections such as chronic tonsillitis or dental caries occasionally play a role in the induction or exacerbation of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). Arthro-osteitis is sometimes a complication in severe cases of PPP. To study the effects of bacterial infection on the exacerbation of cutaneous lesions and arthralgia, we investigated the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and tonsil tissue after tonsillectomy in 4 cases, who had chronic tonsillitis and a history of exacerbation of cutaneous lesions following a sore throat. First, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 were measured before and after tonsillectomy by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Second, 3H-TdR incorporation was used to examine the effects of the culture supernatant on the PBMC of the autologous patients, other PPP patients without tonsillitis and normal controls. T-cell receptor V beta repertoire was examined by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. Results showed that IL-8 was significantly high in the serum and abundantly released from tonsillar lymphocytes, which may play a role in the accumulation of neutrophils in lesional skin. T-cell receptors V beta 6 and 12 were preferentially expressed on tonsillar lymphocytes, and V beta 4, 7, 9, 17 and 18 were detected relatively frequently. These data suggest that restricted usage of T-cell receptor V beta subsets may play a crucial role in the induction of tonsillitis associated with PPP.
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PMID:Restricted usage of the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire in tonsillitis in association with palmoplantar pustulosis. 960 17

Antibiotics are overused in the management of sore throat. Using a scoring system with 108 attenders, we provided feedback on the likelihood of bacterial infection and measured the impact on initial patient expectation for antibiotic therapy. Patient attitudes and beliefs regarding antibiotics were also examined. Of sixty two patients whose score suggested viral infection, 18(29%) opted not to take an antibiotic prescription. The 42(67%) who still wanted an antibiotic, despite being told it was "unlikely or highly unlikely" to help, had a higher mean attendance rate for sore throat (1.63 v 0.83 (p = 0.14)) and other illness (6.53 v 4.22 (p = 0.22)), and a higher mean re-attendance rate following the study (1.68 v 0.50 (p = 0.025)). Qualitative analysis suggests that this subgroup may believe in the analgesic properties of antibiotics.
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PMID:Antibiotics for sore throat: impact of feedback to patients on the probability of bacterial infection. 1114 57

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are responsible for a large amount of community antibacterial use worldwide. Recent systematic reviews have demonstrated that most URTIs resolve naturally, even when bacteria are the cause. The high consumer expectation for antibacterials in URTIs requires intervention by the general practitioner and a number of useful strategies have been developed. Generic strategies, including eliciting patient expectations, avoiding the term 'just a virus', providing a value-for-money consultation, providing verbal and written information, empowering patients, conditional prescribing, directed education campaigns, and emphasis on symptomatic treatments, should be used as well as discussion of alternative medicines when relevant. The various conditions have differing rates of bacterial infection and require different approaches. For acute rhinitis, laryngitis and tracheitis, viruses are the only cause and, therefore, antibacterials are never required. In acute sore throat (pharyngitis) Streptococcus pyogenes is the only important bacterial cause. A scoring system can help to increase the likelihood of distinguishing a streptococcal as opposed to viral infection, or alternatively patients should be given antibacterials only if certain conditions are fulfilled. Strategies for treating acute otitis media vary in different countries. Most favour the strategy of prescribing antibacterials only when certain criteria are fulfilled, delaying antibacterial prescribing for at least 24 hours. In otitis media with effusion, on the other hand, there is no primary role for antibacterials, as the condition resolves naturally in almost all patients aged >3 months. Detailed strategies for acute sinusitis have not been worked out but restricting antibacterial prescribing to certain clinical complexes is currently recommended by several authorities because of the high natural resolution rate.
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PMID:Responsible prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections. 1173 33

Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae) is a deciduous tree widespread in southern Africa. The plant has many ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary uses. Root and bark decoctions are used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat, wounds, back and joint pains, HIV-AIDS, venereal diseases and infertility. Pastoralists and rural farmers use the root and bark extracts to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, infertility, and to promote well-being and resistance to diseases in cattle. To evaluate these ethnobotanical leads, dried leaves, stem bark and root bark were extracted with ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane and hexane. Polyphenols in the extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as standard. Qualitative antioxidant activity was screened by spraying thin layer chromatograms (TLC) of the extracts with 0.2% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and quantified with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and total antibacterial activity (TAA) were determined by serial microplate dilution for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, with gentamicin as standard and tetrazolium violet as growth indicator. Acetone and ethanol extracted the largest quantity of material. Polyphenols concentration was 49.2% in acetone extract of the root and 3.8% in dichloromethane extract of the leaf. Antioxidant activity of at least 5 antioxidant compounds as measured by TEAC ranged from 1.34 (ethanol extract of the root) to 0.01 (hexane extract of the leaf). The total antibacterial activity (volume to which active compounds present in 1 g plant material can be diluted and still inhibit bacterial growth) was 1263 ml/g for ethanol extract of the root against S. aureus, and 800 ml/g for acetone extract of the root against P. aeruginosa. There was substantial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MIC values of 0.08 mg/ml for S. aureus and 0.16 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa. There is therefore a rationale for the traditional use of root and bark of P. africanum in treating bacterial infection related diseases.
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PMID:Rationale for using Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae) extracts in veterinary medicine. 1610 21

A 15-year-old girl was admitted with a high fever and progressive malaise, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal complaints. She previously had a sore throat and unilateral painful swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Laboratory investigation indicated a bacterial infection. Blood cultures were taken. There was infiltrate in the left lung. Pneumonia complicated with sepsis was suspected and ceftriaxone was started. The patient's condition deteriorated. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed progressive infiltrates in both lungs and pleural effusion. Blood culture led to the diagnosis. After changing antibiotics the patient slowly improved. Antibiotics were continued for several weeks.
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PMID:A previously healthy 15-year-old girl with high fever and progressive dyspnoea. 1825 50

A sore throat (also known as pharyngitis or tonsillitis) is most commonly caused by a contagious viral infection (such as the flu, cold, or mononucleosis), although more serious throat infections can be caused by a bacterial infection (such as strep, mycoplasma, or Haemophilus). Bacterial sore throats respond well to antibiotics, whereas viral ones do not. However, strep throat remains a leading cause for physician visits, and researchers have long struggled to determine how best to treat it. The current practice guidelines offer different management options for adult patients presenting with a sore throat. Thus, when a physician treats a patient with acute pharyngitis, the clinical decision that usually needs to be made is whether the pharyngitis is attributable to group A streptococci. The key concern is the degree to which the clinical possibility of a group A streptococcal infection should affect clinician's decisions. To determine the best treatment of pharyngitis, we conducted a multicriteria decision analysis using fuzzy reasoning for remote health service delivery between a healthcare provider and patients. The approach can be adopted for interactive phone use or online system application. Five alternative treatment options were considered, particularly: (a) no test no Rx, (b) rapid strep, (c) culture, (d) rapid strep and culture, and (e) empiric Rx. Fuzzy reasoning is used to examine the signs/symptoms and their ratings. The study includes seven criteria factors that can be rated according to each alternative clinical treatment using linguistic statements. The model shows that no test no Rx is the best option for the cases of low prevalence of group A streptococcal infection. Two strategies--culture and treat if positive and rapid strep with culture of negative results--are equally preferable for patients with moderate prevalence likelihood. Rapid strep and culture of negative results is the best management strategy for patients with high population prevalence of group A streptococcal infection. In conclusion, the best clinical management of patients with sore throat depends on both the clinical probability of group A streptococcal infection and clinical judgments that incorporate the importance ratings of the individual patients as well as practice circumstances.
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PMID:A remote fuzzy multicriteria diagnosis of sore throat. 1881 94

Symptoms of viral and/or streptococcal infectious pharyngitis are of interest in the context of different therapeutic strategies. This study involved 3 family medicine clinics, one emergency service department, and 694 patients. Streptococcal pharyngitis occurred in 24% of the adult patients and in 29% of all the patients. The remaining ones had acute viral pharyngitis or a mixed viral/bacterial infection. Medicamentous therapy given to 98% of the patients included local antibiotics (42%), systemic antibacterial monotherapy (12%), and combined antibiotic therapy (44%). Lysozime-containing preparations (larypront, dequalar, etc.) recommended for pathogenetic therapy had the active ingredient in the form of a dequalinium complex to deliver lysozime to pharyngeal mucosa. The frequency of streptococcal infection in patients with secondary sore throat receiving the combined treatment was twice lower (12%) than in the general group. The strategy of therapy was the same as in primary sore throat.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of infectious pharyngeal inflammation]. 1900 44

From July, 2008 to March, 2009, 125 adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who were admitted to our hospital were retrospectively investigated to elucidate the characteristics of viral infection in adult CAP in Japan. Nasopharyngeal swabs for real-time polymerase chain reaction for 7 types of influenza virus, rhinovirus, respiratory synctial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronavirus, and enterovirus were obtained. Diagnoses of viral infections were established according to positive results in real-time polymerase chain reaction and influenza rapid diagnostic testing, and based on a fourfold increase in antibody titer of influenza virus antibody in paired sera. Overall, a pathogen was identified in 74 patients (59.8%). Of these pathogens, 47 (37.6%) were bacterial, 17 (13.6%) were viral, and 10 (8.0%) were mixed virus and bacterial infection. Influenza virus (n = 12; 9.6%), rhinovirus (n = 8; 6.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 8; 6.4%), and parainfluenza virus (n = 6; 4.8%) were detected. Adenovirus, coronavirus or enterovirus was not detected. Sore throat was more frequently found in patients with viral pneumonia than in those with non-viral pneumonia. Higher age and pneumococcal pneumonia were factors which contributed to severity in the present cases. It is difficult to distinguish viral pneumonia from non-viral pneumonia by clinical findings, and there were few clinically meaningful differences in presentation and severity, and no differences in severity or outcomes according to either the presence or absence of viral infection. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible significance of viral infection in CAP.
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PMID:[A single-center prospective study of viral infection in community-acquired pneumonia in adults]. 2138 76


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