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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A mortality study was carried out in two factories producing stainless steel in order to assess lung cancer risk among workers employed in coke oven, blast and open hearth furnaces, foundry, electric furnace, hot and cold rolling mills and pickling areas. Occupational exposures of interest were chromium compounds, nickel compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), silica and asbestos. All male workers having at least one year of employment between 01.01.1960 and 31.12.1990 were followed up for mortality. The vital status was assessed from birth place registries. Complete job histories since date of first employment were abstracted from the company files. The smoking habits of 50% of the cohort members were known from medical records. The observed number of deaths (obs) were compared with the expected ones based on regional rates with adjustment for age, sex and calendar time (Standardized Mortality Ratio, SMR). The cohorts included 6324 (factory 1) and 5270 (factory 2) workers. The overall mortality did not differ markedly from that expected in both factories: SMR = 0.95 (obs = 1540, p = 0.05) in factory 1 and SMR = 1.06 (obs = 916, non-significant) in factory 2. SMRs for lung cancer did not differ from unity, respectively 0.99 (obs = 105) and 1.00 (obs = 54), in whole cohorts. Non-significant lung cancer excesses were observed among workers of some workshops where exposures of interest might have occurred: coke oven (SMR = 2.04), blast furnace (SMR = 1.36), open hearth furnace (SMR = 1.75), hot rolling mills (SMR = 1.29). These processes, however, are no longer involved in the study factories. Furthermore, no lung cancer excess was observed among workers employed in current workshops: electric furnaces and cold rolling mills.
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PMID:[Mortality due to bronchopulmonary cancers in workers of 2 foundries]. 773 97

The incidence of cancer and the importance of some selected risk factors in its etiology were estimated from the data collected in the cancer registry of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, during the period 1963-1977. Cancer cases were interviewed with a standard questionnaire, and more than 71% of these were complete. In men, the most frequent cancer sites were liver, esophagus, and lung, while in women, cervical cancer was the dominant malignant tumor, followed by cancers of the liver, breast, and bladder. Risk factors of cancer cases were estimated by case-control analysis in which other cancers (excluding tobacco-related cancers in men and hormone-related cancers in women) were considered as controls. In men, tobacco smoking was associated with increased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio OR2, 5.2) and esophagus cancer (OR, 5.6) in the highest consumption category (15 g of tobacco per day) compared to nonsmokers. Copper (OR, 1.5), gold (OR, 1.5), and nickel (OR, 2.6) miners had an increased risk of lung cancer, but no increase was found among asbestos miners (OR, 0.7). There was no independent effect of alcohol consumption on the risk of esophagus cancer. The presence of schistosomiasis was associated with a significantly increased risk of bladder cancer (OR, 3.9). The risk of invasive cervical cancer increased with number of children--the estimated odds ratio was 1.8 in women with six or more births--but no consistent association was found for first intercourse. In postmenopausal women, the risk of breast cancer increased with age at first pregnancy (but not in the highly fertile) and decreased with high parity, if age at first pregnancy was 19 or more.
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PMID:Cancer patterns and risk factors in the African population of southwestern Zimbabwe, 1963-1977. 782 83

This review attempts to estimate the contribution of different known work-related causes of lung cancer in the Norwegian male population in order to predict the potential of prevention of work-related cases. The presented estimates are based on data from epidemiologic studies made in Norway, but may be of significance for other countries with a similar work-force structure. Over the past decade asbestos-related lung cancer appears to have contributed about two-thirds of the lung cancers that have been related to work exposure in Norway, for example, possibly 125-175 of the 1100 cases that occurred among Norwegian men in 1987. The potential for prevention is, however, greater due to synergism. To a less extent compounds of nickel and chromium have also contributed, along with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radon daughters, seafaring work, and other, less significant specific and nonspecific determinants of lung cancer.
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PMID:Prevention of lung cancer through the use of knowledge on asbestos and other work-related causes--Norwegian experiences. 784 85

During stainless steel (SS) welding, solid aerosols are generated from elemental compounds which are generally considered to be human carcinogens; i.e. compounds of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and nickel. Epidemiological studies among groups of SS-welders have indicated that they may carry a higher risk of acquiring lung cancer than mild steel (MS) welders using the same welding techniques. This excess risk has been demonstrated in cohort as well as by case-control studies. The present evidence does not support the view that exposure to SS-welding fumes poses a hazard of cancer at any other site. Exposure to asbestos and smoking are generally major confounders in these studies. The number of SS-welders world-wide seems to be increasing, thus these findings may be of significance to SS-welders and to the welding industry. Despite the information on the possible cancer hazard among SS-welders, current epidemiological data on cancer incidence and mortality do not offer clear evidence to determine whether exposure to nickel or CrVI compounds constitutes the more important risk factor for lung cancer.
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PMID:Nickel-related cancer in welders. 984 48

The incidence of lung, pleural, nasal, larynx, and pharynx cancer in relation to work in the nickel mining and refining industry was studied from 1978 to 1987 in the male population of the French territory of New Caledonia in the South Pacific. The results showed no greater risk in the population of nickel workers than in the general male population. The incidence of respiratory cancer in New Caledonia was found to be comparable to that of industrialized countries, except for pleural cancer for which there was an excess risk in New Caledonia. A case-control study within the cohort of nickel industry workers comprised 80 lung cancer, 12 larynx cancer, 20 pharynx cancer cases, and 298 controls, and took account of 18 substances to which workers were exposed, five of them nickel compounds. None of the substances, or any other occupational variable, was shown to increase the risk of respiratory cancer, except for cancer of the larynx in relation to level and duration of exposure to dust and engine exhaust fumes on mining sites (odds ratios ranged from five to 5.4 and were significant). These results provide no evidence that exposures specific to the nickel industry in New Caledonia increase the risk of respiratory cancer. This might be due to the involvement of less airborne nickel than the amount observed in positive studies elsewhere. The high incidence of respiratory cancer in New Caledonia, compared with other South Pacific islands, might be attributable to an environmental risk connected with the presence of mineral fibers in the geologic strata, as well as to tobacco and alcohol consumption levels similar to those prevailing in France.
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PMID:A 10-year incidence survey of respiratory cancer and a case-control study within a cohort of nickel mining and refining workers in New Caledonia. 812 74

A welding process exposure matrix has been developed relating 13 welding process-welded metal combinations to average exposure levels for total welding fumes, total chromium, chromium (VI) and nickel. Quantitative estimates were derived from consultation of literature sources and of some company data. This matrix was applied to the welding histories of 11,092 welders in the framework of an IARC multicentre study. When detailed welding history was not available at the individual level the average company welding practice profile was applied. No dose-response relationship emerged for lung cancer risk with cumulative dose of the carcinogens chromium (VI) and nickel for stainless steel welders. Dilution of the dose-response relationship could result from between-plant and within-plant variability, and exposure in jobs not accounted for in the study, but not from the partial use of company versus individual data. It is also possible that there is no increased risk related to chromium and nickel exposure in this group of workers. Matrix exposure estimates would need to be validated and the matrix possibly refined by comparison with a variety of comprehensive welding exposure data sets.
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PMID:Development and use of a welding process exposure matrix in a historical prospective study of lung cancer risk in European welders. 813 88

In the art glass industry workers run increased risks of dying from several types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper considers the diseases of glass workers in relation to exposure to particular elements, a high degree of correlation being found for some of them. Case-referent evaluations showed an association between stomach cancer and exposure to a mixture of elements, namely, arsenic, copper, nickel, and manganese, and to some extent also to lead and chromium. For colon cancer, a clearly increasing trend in risk was seen with increasing use of antimony, and to some extent also with increasing use of lead, the two elements being strongly correlated. For lung cancer no obvious correlation with any metal could be found. In addition, the risk for death from cardiovascular disease was fairly evenly distributed, although slightly more related to increasing consumption of the strongly correlated metals nickel and copper.
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PMID:Epidemiologic studies of occupational cancer as related to complex mixtures of trace elements in the art glass industry. 815 83

Recent progress in risk assessment of nickel carcinogenicity and its correlation with occupational lung cancer in nickel-exposed workers is reviewed. Epidemiological investigations provide reliable data indicating the close relation between nickel exposure and high lung cancer risk, especially in nickel refineries. The nickel species-specific effects and the dose-response relationship between nickel exposure and lung cancer are among the main questions that are explored extensively. It is also suggested that some confounding factors such as cigarette smoking cannot be neglected. The determination of nickel concentration in lung tissue may be conducive to estimating the nickel exposure level, but it is uncertain whether the high nickel content in lung tissue indicates high lung cancer risk in nickel-exposed workers. Immunologic studies suggest that the suppressive effect of nickel on NK cell activity and interferon production may also be involved in the mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis. As a potential mutagen, nickel can cause chromosome damage both in vitro and in vivo; and on a molecular basis, nickel is found to induce DNA damage (DNA strandbreaks and crosslinks, infidelity of DNA replication, inhibition of DNA repair, and the helical transition of B-DNA to Z-DNA) by binding of nickel ions to DNA and nuclear proteins. The discovery of oncogene promises both a challenge and an opportunity for nickel carcinogenesis research. It can be predicted that, with the rapid development of molecular biology and oncology, new approaches will be established for both understanding and controlling nickel-induced occupational lung cancer.
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PMID:Risk assessment of nickel carcinogenicity and occupational lung cancer. 818 19

A five-year extension to an ongoing epidemiology study has been undertaken. Mortality information was updated for an additional five years through 1985-1989 for 715 male hydrometallurgical nickel refinery employees who worked at Sherritt Gordon Limited in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, during the years 1954 to 1978. Mortality ascertainment was obtained using the Canadian Mortality Data Base, maintained by Statistics Canada, and covered the years 1954 through 1989. Cause-specific mortality analyses were accomplished for males, by age group and calendar year of death, for Canada and the province of Alberta. Total mortality was significantly below expectation (42 observed vs. 70 expected deaths for Canada, and 66 expected for Alberta). Statistically fewer observed deaths were found for circulatory disease while multiple myeloma and lymphoid malignancies demonstrated a statistically significant increase of observed deaths. Specific focus was directed at cancers of the respiratory system because of previous reports linking these conditions with exposure to nickel compounds in some workforces. No deaths due to nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer were detected among cohort or study group members. Four lung cancer deaths were found with five deaths expected for Canada and four expected for Alberta. To date, no association between exposure to nickel concentrate or metallic nickel and the subsequent development of respiratory cancer has been found in this study. The hydrometallurgical refinery operation is an enclosed process in contrast to other refinery processes such as pyrometallurgical and electrolytic.
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PMID:An update of an epidemiology study at a hydrometallurgical nickel refinery in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. 819 31

Stainless steel welding is associated with exposure to metals including hexavalent chromium and nickel. This study is a meta-analysis of five studies of stainless steel welders and the occurrence of lung cancer. Asbestos exposure and smoking habits have been taken into account. The calculated pooled relative risk estimate was 1.94 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.28-2.93. This result suggests a causal relation between exposure to stainless steel welding and lung cancer.
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PMID:Exposure to stainless steel welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. 779 47


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