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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Men employed in a nickel refinery in South Wales were investigated to determine whether the specific risks of developing carcinoma of the bronchi and nasal sinuses, which had been associated with the refining of nickel, are still present. The data obtained were also used to compare the effect of age at exposure on susceptibility to cancer induction and to determine the rate of change of mortality after exposure to a carcinogenic agent had ceased.Eight hundred and forty five men were studied who had been employed in the industry for at least 5 years and whose first employment was in or before April 1994. All but 27 (3.2 per cent) were traced until death or January 1, 1967.Altogether 482 of the men had died: 113 from lung cancer and 39 from nasal cancer. In men employed before 1925, deaths from lung cancer varied from about 5 to 10 times the numbers that would have been expected from the corresponding national mortality rates, while the deaths from nasal cancer varied from about 100 to 900 times the expected numbers. Among men first employed in 1925 or after there were 8 deaths from lung cancer against 6.2 expected and no deaths from nasal cancer. The death rate from causes other than cancer was similar to that experienced by men in the same geographical area irrespective of their date of first employment.Susceptibility to the induction of nasal cancer increased with age at first exposure, but susceptibility to the induction of lung cancer varied irregularly. The trends in susceptibility showed some similarity to the trends in the national mortality among men employed at similar ages. It is suggested that susceptibility to cancer induction is determined by the amount of previous exposure to other agents.The risk of developing nasal cancer persisted with little change 15 to 42 years after the carcinogen was eliminated whereas the risk of developing lung cancer decreased. If the effects of cigarette smoking and the specific occupational hazard interact, the reduction in the risk of lung cancer could be due to the differential elimination of heavy cigarette smokers.
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PMID:Cancers of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickel workers. 550 91

Some metals are essential oligo-elements for man. However, if the body load of these same metal derivatives becomes excessive they may be responsible for deleterious effects, particularly cytotoxic ones. Metals are divided into four categories: potent carcinogens; presumptive carcinogens with a documented cocarcinogenic effect; ascertained cocarcinogens; metals with no demonstrated carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effect. The most common tumors induced by metals are those of the lung. Arsenic induces cancer of the lung and skin, beryllium may induce lung cancer, the effects of cobalt are dubious, cadmium can induce cancer of the lung and, above all, prostate, the role of iron is uncertain, hexavalent chrome may induce cancer of the lung and nasal fossae, nickel is responsible for cancer of lung and nasal fossae. Our understanding of metal carcinogenesis is clearly insufficient and more experimental research and epidemiologic studies addressing this subject are needed.
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PMID:[Carcinogenic effect of metals]. 631 79

An update of histopathologic classification schemes is provided for carcinoma of the lung and factors that influence proportional distributions of cell types, i.e., sources and preparations of tissue specimens, observer variability, and use of secondary sources of information. Consideration is given to the natural history and to current knowledge of the demographic characteristics of cell types of carcinoma of the lung. A review of studies reporting histopathologic associations with environmental exposures suggests that no single type of carcinoma of the lung is specifically associated with exposure to tobacco smoke, arsenic, or beryllium. Furthermore, studies concerned with exposure to asbestos, chloroethers, chromates, nickel, vinyl chloride, and radioactivity lack sufficient information to conclude definitively that only one specific lung cancer cell type is associated with these exposures. In conclusion, an exclusive association of a single cell type of carcinoma of the lung with exposure to the physical or chemical agents reviewed has not been demonstrated.
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PMID:Environmental associations and histopathologic patterns of carcinoma of the lung: the challenge and dilemma in epidemiologic studies. 634 79

Certain welding fumes contain significant amounts of chromium, manganese, and nickel, and trace amounts of arsenic and lead. These metals exhibit mutagenicity in one or more in vitro bioassays, and several are strongly suspected human carcinogens, albeit in unknown forms. It might, therefore, be expected that welders experience an excess risk of respiratory tract cancer because of their occupation. A survey of the world literature has disclosed 22 epidemiological studies of cancer incidence among welders, 16 of which yield a total of 586 cases of lung cancer observed, based on approximately 600,000 man-years at risk; a risk ratio of less than unity was excluded within 95% confidence limits for 5 of these studies. A risk ratio of 1.3 was not excluded in any study. Although there may be many possible origins to the excess risk, if welders of stainless steels suffer an "equivalent lung cancer risk" to that of chromate workers because of their equivalent chromium (VI) exposure, then a resulting three-fold risk ratio for 10% of all welders engaged in stainless steel welding would account for the total over-incidence experienced by the entire occupational group.
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PMID:Assessment of risk of lung cancer for welders. 634 98

An historical prospective mortality study of INCO's Ontario work-force has been conducted. A cohort of approximately 54 000 men, employed in all aspects of the extraction and refining of copper and nickel from the Sudbury ore deposit, have been followed for mortality between 1950 and 1976. A total of 5 283 deaths were identified by computerized record-linkage to the Canadian Mortality Data Base of death certificates. The analysis focuses on mortality from cancer of the nasal sinuses, larynx, lung, and kidney. Little evidence was found for increased mortality from laryngeal or kidney cancer, but lung and nasal cancer deaths were clearly elevated in men exposed to the two Sudbury area sinter plants and at Port Colborne in the leaching, calcining, and sintering department. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lung cancer increases linearly with increasing duration of exposure and there is no evidence of a threshold. The nasal cancer mortality rate also rises linearly with duration of exposure. While lung cancer has a greater excess in the Sudbury sinter plant than at Port Colborne, the reverse is true for mortality from nasal cancer, which is ten times more frequent at Port Colborne than at Sudbury.
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PMID:Cancer mortality associated with the high-temperature oxidation of nickel subsulfide. 653 83

All deaths between 1968 and 1979 from 26 foundries were studied to determine whether exposure to nickel/chromium resulted in an increased rate of any cause-specific mortality. The mortality experience of 851 foundrymen exposed to nickel/chromium was compared to that of 141 unexposed foundrymen. No nasal cancers were found. The exposed subgroup had a slightly lower proportion of cancer deaths, including lung cancer, and a slightly higher rate of nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths compared with the unexposed subgroup. Length of exposure was not significantly related to any of the selected cause-specific proportional mortality rates after adjusting for age, length of employment, and race. Standardized comparisons with the 1974 United States mortality patterns indicated that the total numbers of lung cancer and all cancer deaths were not significantly different from expected values for these exposed foundrymen, although there was an excess of lung cancer deaths among white males aged 65-99. These lung cancer rates followed an increasing trend with increasing length of foundry employment, although the trend was not statistically significant. However, this pattern does suggest that the excess of lung cancer deaths may be associated with length of foundry employment rather than exposure to nickel/chromium. There was a significant excess of respiratory system disease deaths among exposed workers associated with length of foundry employment, regardless of exposure to nickel/chromium. When all malignant and nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths are combined, there is no evidence of an increased risk associated with exposure to nickel/chromium.
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PMID:Mortality patterns among nickel/chromium alloy foundry workers. 653 96

Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited established hydrometallurgical nickel refining operations at Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, in 1954. Records of workers with a minimum of one year's employment with Sherritt Gordon Mines were obtained and identification information as well as details of work history were collected and placed on computer. Cancer cases were identified by matching the study records with the computer listings of the Alberta Cancer Registry. Cancer deaths were verified utilizing record-linkage with death registrations of the Alberta Vital Statistics Division. The files of the Alberta Health Care Insurance Commission were used to ascertain the vital status of past employees of Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited. Among the 993 employees in the nickel refining and maintenance groups at Sherritt Gordon Mines, 30 cases of cancer were identified occurring at 13 diagnostic sites. No neoplasms of the nasal cavities or paranasal sinuses were found in the study population. Two cases of lung cancer were detected among maintenance workers. A single case of renal-cell cancer was diagnosed in the nickel-exposure category as well as in the maintenance group. None of the observed-to-expected cancer incidence ratios at the various diagnostic sites were statistically significant at the p less than 0.05 level.
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PMID:Cancer incidence at a hydrometallurgical nickel refinery. 653 79

A historical prospective mortality study was conducted at a nickel company with mines, mills, and a smelter in Ontario, Canada. All men were included in the study who worked for a total of at least 6 months and were employed at some time between 1950 and 1976. Mortality was ascertained and observed number of deaths (O) were compared with expected number of deaths (E), on the basis of the person-years method with the use of rates for Ontario males. There were 804 O compared to 743 E (P less than .001). However, the excess was more than accounted for by the increase in accidental and violent deaths (O = 242; E = 150). Deaths from circulatory diseases and all cancers were roughly equal to E. Laryngeal cancer mortality was significantly increased due to an excess in miners (O = 4; E = 1.00). Lung cancer mortality was somewhat increased (O = 46; E = 37.5); no nasal cancers were observed. Three deaths were due to pneumoconiosis. Sinter plant workers showed a significant increase of cancer deaths (O = 13; E = 6.7; P = .015).
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PMID:A mortality study of 11,500 nickel workers. 659 36

The proportions of male lung cancers due to occupational exposure and, respectively, to cigarette smoking in a highly industrialized area of Northern Italy were estimated in a population-based case-control study in 1976-9. Two hundred and four out of the 211 lung cancer cases and 351 controls sampled from the source population were questioned about their occupational and smoking histories. On the basis of the occupational history each subject was classified as probably exposed (+), possibly exposed (?), or unexposed (-) to one or more of the chemicals known to be carcinogenic for the human lung, namely asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, nickel and chromium compounds, BCME, CMME and vinyl chloride. Upon stratification by cigarette smoking, contrasting the occupationally exposed subjects, whether certainly or uncertainly defined, with the unexposed ones, the RR for lung cancer was 2.1 and the occupational etiologic fraction was 0.33 (95% confidence interval 0.19-0.47). The tobacco etiologic fraction was 0.81, while the two exposures together accounted for 89% of the total burden of incident cases. If 33% of all male lung cancers were of occupational aetiology, then this alone would represent 5% of all cancer deaths.
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PMID:Proportion of lung cancers due to occupational exposure. 669 1

Workers from a nickel refinery at Huntington, W. Va., which received a nickel matte from smelters in Ontario, Canada, during 1922-47 were studied for excesses in sinonasal and lung cancers. Other workers who were in a nickel alloy production plant operated in conjunction with the refinery but who did not work in the refinery were also studied. Evidence is presented on the existence of a nasal cancer hazard and possibly a lung cancer hazard among workers employed in the nickel refinery. Two of these workers developed a sinonasal cancer. Evidence of a respiratory cancer hazard in other parts of the plant before or after 1947 is weak, and the observed results could be due to chance variations from the mortality experience of the standard reference populations. Among nonrefinery workers hired while the nickel refinery was in operation, 2 employees had a probable sinonasal cancer. The first employee worked in a high-temperature conversion process where nickel carbonate was decomposed to nickel oxide, and the second employee is believed to have done maintenance work in the plant where this process was used. For both cohorts combined there were slight overall excesses in lung, stomach, and prostate cancers with some evidence of a dose-response relationship for these cancers.
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PMID:Mortality among workers in a nickel refinery and alloy manufacturing plant in West Virginia. 695 73


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