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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Radon exposures to U.S. uranium miners under present conditions average about 1.3 WLM per year approximately or equal to 60 WLM per full working lifetime. This is intermediate between (a) the lowest exposures for which there have been excess lung cancers reported among U.S. miners (120-240 WLM) and (b) average environmental radon exposures (16 WLM), so models based on these two situations are used to estimate expected effects on present uranium miners. In Model A, the loss of life expectancy is 45 days, the SMR (standardized mortality ratio) for lung cancer is 1.10, and the SMR for all causes between ages 18 and 65 is 1.013. In Model B these are 10 days, 1.03 and 1.002 respectively. It is shown that the radon exposures to miners are similar to those to millions of Americans from environmental exposure, and that miner health risks are comparable to those of other radiation workers. Their lung cancer risk from radon is 7-50 times less than their job-related accident mortality risk, and represents 0.7-4% of their total risk in mining. Miners suffer from many diseases with SMR very much larger than that for radon-induced lung cancer, and there are many other occupations and industries with far higher SMR for lung cancer than that from radon exposure to miners.
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PMID:Radon daughter exposure to uranium miners. 628 81

Three parallel cohort studies of asbestos factory workers were undertaken to investigate the effects of mineral fibre type and industrial process on malignant mesothelioma, respiratory cancer, and asbestosis. This report describes the mortality of a cohort of 2543 men, defined as all those employed for at least a month from 1938 to 1958 in a textile plant in South Carolina in which chrysotile was the only type of asbestos used. Of these, 863 men (34%) had died before 31 December 1977, one from malignant mesothelioma. Twenty one deaths were ascribed to asbestosis and 66 to cancer of the lung. Compared with the number expected from South Carolina, there was an excess of 30 deaths from respiratory cancer (ICD 160-164) in men 20 or more years after first employment (SMR 199.5). In men employed five years or more, no SMRs for this category rose above 300. Individual exposures were estimated (in mpcf X years) from recorded environmental measurements. Life table analyses and "log-rank" (case-control) analyses both showed a steep linear exposure-response that was some 50-fold greater at similar accumulated dust exposures than in Canadian chrysotile mining and milling. These findings agree closely with those from another study in this plant and confirm that mesothelioma is rarely associated with chrysotile exposure. Cigarette smoking habits did not greatly differ between the textile workers and the Canadian miners and millers. The far greater risk of lung cancer in the textile industry, if not attributable to other identified cocarcinogens, may be related to major differences in the size distribution of fibres in the submicroscopic range which are not detected by the usual fibre or particle counting procedures.
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PMID:Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotile textile plant. 631 32

Cohort studies in three American asbestos factories were undertaken to investigate the effect of fibre type and manufacturing process on lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Reports have been published on a chrysotile textile plant in South Carolina and a mainly textile plant in Pennsylvania, which also used amphiboles. In the third plant in Connecticut friction products and packings were made from chrysotile only. In a cohort of 3641 men employed for one month or more, 1938-58, 3513 (96.5%) were traced, 1267 (36%) had died, and death certificates were obtained for 1228 (96.9%). Individual exposures were estimated (in mcpf . years) from impinger measurements. Life table analyses using Connecticut mortality rates gave an SMR for all causes of 108.5 (USA 107.9). The SMR (all causes) for men who had worked for less than a year was 129.9 and for those who had worked for a year or more, 101.2. The equivalent SMRs for respiratory cancer were 167.4 and 136.7 respectively. Excluding men who had worked for less than a year, there was possible evidence of some increase in risk of lung cancer with increasing exposure, supported also by a "log-rank" (case-control) analysis, of the same order as that observed in chrysotile mining and milling. These findings may be compared with chrysotile textile manufacture where the risk of lung cancer was some 50-fold greater. It is suggested that the differences in risk are perhaps related to the higher proportion of submicroscopic fibres in textile manufacture that may result from the traumatic carding , spinning, and weaving processes. No case of mesothelioma was found, consistent with a much lower risk of this tumour with chrysotile than with amphiboles. Twelve deaths (nine in men with very short and low asbestos exposure) were given ICD code 523 (pneumoconiosis); all but two were ascribed to anthracosilicosis or silicosis and none to asbestosis.
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PMID:Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotile asbestos friction products plant. 632 94

A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among a cohort of 1,261 white males employed one or more months in chrysotile asbestos textile operations and followed between 1940 and 1975. Statistically significant excess mortality was observed for all causes combined (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 150), lung cancer (SMR = 135), diseases of the circulatory system (SMR = 125), nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 294), and accidents (SMR = 134). Using estimated fiber exposure levels in conjunction with detailed worker job histories, exposure-response relationships were investigated. Strong exposure-response relationships for lung cancer and asbestos related non-malignant respiratory diseases were observed. Compared with data for chrysotile miners and millers, chrysotile textile workers were found to experience significantly greater lung cancer mortality at lower lifetime cumulative exposure levels. Factors such as differences in airborne fiber characteristics may partially account for the large differences in exposure response between textile workers and miners and millers.
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PMID:Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part II: mortality. 684 39

The frequency of lung carcinoma among the deaths of silicotics registered by the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund from 1960 to 1978 has been compared with the causes of death of all Swiss males during the same period. The PMR, while underestimating the true risk, is significantly raised among foundry workers. SMR's for lung cancer (estimated by comparing the numbers of pulmonary and non-pulmonary malignancies) are elevated among foundry workers, miners, workers in ceramic and miscellaneous industries. Only the stone/slate industry has not yielded a significant excess of lung cancers.
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PMID:[Incidence of lung cancer and age at death in silicosis deaths of the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, 1960-1978]. 715 49

This retrospective cohort study examines mortality and cancer incidence among 3,686 men and 75 women who were employed as chemists in 1959. During the period 1964 to 1977, the male chemists experienced lower overall mortality than other salaried employees of the chemical company (198 deaths observed, 241.0 expected, SMR = 82). Large deficits are seen in lung cancer and arteriosclerotic heart disease death. The chemist appear to be at slightly higher risk for death from malignancies of the colon (12 observed, 6.7 expected, SMR = 178) and from cerebrovascular disease (15 observed, 10.8 expected, SMR = 138). The low overall mortality resulted in a larger than expected proportion of deaths due to cancer. Fewer than expected cases were diagnosed of cancer of all sited combined (61 observed, 86.5 expected, SIR = 71) and of the lung (8 observed, 20.0 expected, SIR = 40). The incidence rates of melanoma and of cancer of the prostate are slightly higher than expected, relative to the Third National Cancer Survey and the experience of nonchemists, respectively. Among female chemists, deaths due to all causes and suicide occurred more frequently than expected. Possible explanations for the lack of anticipated excess risks and for the observed deficits are presented.
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PMID:A retrospective cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence among chemist. 725 10

The cancer morbidity in a large group of male German agricultural workers exposed to pesticides was investigated through a retrospective cohort study. A total of 169 malignant tumors were diagnosed in 1658 men who began to work with pesticides between 1948 and 1972, and who continued this type of activity for at least 5 yr. The SMR (standardized mortality ratio) of 2.0 for lung cancer morbidity (mortality) in these pesticide-exposed subjects was significantly higher than that for the general male population of the German Democratic Republic. A positive correlation between the duration of employment and the mortality due to lung cancer (mainly undifferentiated and small-cell carcinomas) suggested a dose-effect relation. The smoking habits of the exposed men did not differ from those of the general male population of the German Democratic Republic. Because the subjects had been exposed to many different substances, the study does not permit any conclusions to be drawn in respect to the carcinogenicity of individual pesticides. The increased mortality due to lung cancer is presumably the result of an additive effect of different pesticide ingredients or of by-products whose carcinogenic effect has been definitely or tentatively established through experimental or epidemiologic studies (e.g. arsenic, asbestos, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, DDT). The results of the present investigation emphasize the need for effective measures to protect workers during occupational contact with pesticides.
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PMID:Increased risk of lung cancer in pesticide-exposed male agricultural workers. 733 38

A pilot study of 300 smelter workers from the cohort reported by Lee and Fraumeni [1969] has been studied: 150 men from their heavy exposure group and 150 men from the rest of the cohort randomly selected. Usable smoking habits were obtained from 86% of the sample. Estimates of the total lifetime work exposure were made from available measurements. A very high risk of lung cancer (SMR 1429) was observed among the most heavily exposed workers. Excess risks, though still present, were much less in those with lower exposures. There was a lower proportion of nonsmokers among the heavily exposed arsenic workers than among the other workers. This suggests that there may be some interaction between smoking and arsenic exposure. Moreover, comparison of smoking habits reported by smelter workers suggested that, as a group, they smoked more heavily than average for the United States population. A small study of proxy smoking histories suggested that these were valid and unbiased. The work continues on an enlarged sample.
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PMID:Influence of arsenic exposure and smoking on lung cancer among smelter workers: a pilot study. 734 33

In the framework of occupational disease surveillance program, based on integration of current information systems, the first Italian occupational mortality study was carried out. This paper reports on excess lung cancer risk by industry and occupation. The study population consists of subjects included in the Italian Cross-Sectional Study (STI) and in the Turin Longitudinal Study (SLT), both of which are surveys based on record-linkage procedures between census records and death certificates. The STI is a six-month follow-up of Italian residents at the 1981 census. The SLT is a prospective study of Turin residents at the 1981 census, followed for mortality up to 1989. Only persons aged 18-64 years at entry, and economically active, were eligible for the occupational mortality analysis (i.e. 15,734 deceased individuals out of 13 million subjects in the STI, and 435,608 individuals, among whom 10,789 deaths occurred, in the SLT). Information about job and economic activity recorded at census consisted of the Italian standard 1981 industry and occupation codes. Lung cancer relative risks by category of industry and job were estimated as mortality odds ratios (MOR) in the STI, and as observed to expected death ratios (SMR) in the SLT. Only excess risks based on > or = 3 observed cases and with p < 0.1, were included in the present report. Lung cancer mortality was increased in different industries and jobs. The excess risks found in the mechanic and transport industries are of particular interest in a public health perspective, due to the high number of Italian workers employed in these sectors. From an etiologic point of view, however, careful attention should be paid to the excess lung cancer risks among workers in the wood manufacturing industry, in meat preparation, and in nursing occupations, where detailed analytical studies of exposure profile and cancer risk are warranted.
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PMID:[Economic and occupational activities at an increased risk of mortality for lung tumors in Turin (1981-89) and in Italy (1981-82)]. 750 Sep 1

The mortality pattern of taxi drivers in Rome as possibly exposed mainly to gasoline engine exhausts was evaluated by means of a historical cohort study. A total of 2,311 male subjects registered as taxi drivers between 1950 and 1975 was followed from 1965 through 1988. The overall mortality was lower than expected on the basis of regional (Latium) reference rates (692 deaths, standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-0.96), whereas the number of recorded deaths for malignant neoplasms was about the expected (205 deaths, SMR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.86-1.13). Mortality from circulatory and respiratory diseases was lower than expected. Diabetes was significantly increased (42 deaths, SMR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.25-2.34). An increased SMR appeared for respiratory cancer (SMR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.98-1.50), mainly due to lung cancer (observed [O] = 76, SMR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.97-1.54); two pleural cancers were also recorded. The excess of lung cancer deaths was present only among those enrolled in the most recent period (1965-1975) (45 deaths, SMR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02-1.87), especially among those of younger age (< 65 years) (SMR = 1.86); there was no relation between lung cancer mortality and latency since first enrollment in the cooperatives or duration of membership. There are difficulties in interpreting the excess of lung cancer on the basis of occupational exposures; however, the increased risk observed among workers employed in more recent calendar periods may be due to heavier exposure in the last decades; further follow-up of the cohort may elucidate whether there is an increasing lung cancer risk among taxi drivers.
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PMID:Mortality among taxi drivers in Rome: a cohort study. 751 24


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