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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiologic data have shown increased risks of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We measured biomarkers in urine samples from nonsmokers before and after a 4-h visit to a casino where smoking is allowed. The tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] is a constituent of ETS. Urinary metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), are excellent biomarkers of human uptake of NNK and NNAL. NNAL, as with NNK, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen. Subjects collected a spot urine sample before the casino visit and all urine samples for the 24-h period starting after the visit. We analyzed samples for creatinine, total cotinine (cotinine and cotinine-glucuronide), and total NNAL (NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc). Paired samples showed statistically significant mean increases in total cotinine (0.044 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001) and total NNAL (0.018 pmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that exposure of nonsmokers to ETS in a commercial setting results in uptake of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen.
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PMID:Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in nonsmoking casino patrons. 1469 52

Current hemodialysis treatment is insufficient because of intermittent treatment and loss of tubular function. In order to overcome the loss of tubular function, a bioartificial kidney has been developed consisting of continuous hemofiltration (CHF) with 10 L/day of filtrate and a bioartificial tubule device using proximal tubular epithelial cells and hollow fiber membranes. Ten L/day of CHF enabled plasma levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid and, beta2-microglobulin in eight renal failure patients to be maintained at remarkably low levels. The concept was tested with 6 L (4 mL/min) of 10 L/day (7 mL/min) filtrate regenerated by a bioartificial tubule device and 4 L/day (3 mL/min) replaced by food and drinks. Lewis lung cancer-porcine kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) cells with a cell density of 107 cells/mL were seeded inside polysulfone hollow fiber modules four times at 1 h intervals while rotating the module 90 degrees each time, and were cultured for 48 h to form confluent monolayers. The leak rates of urea and creatinine across LLC-PK1 cell-attached polysulfone membrane modules (membrane areas: 56 cm2 and 4000 cm2) were investigated. Via conversion from 56 m2 to 1 m2 hollow fiber modules with LLC-PK1 cells for 24 h, the transport rates of H2O, glucose and Na+ were, respectively, 40, 65 and 35% of the target transported amounts from 6 L/day of filtrate. The rates are expected to approach 100% when 4-5 g/dL of albumin is added to the basal portion of the medium since the results were obtained without the addition of albumin for colloidal osmotic pressure.
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PMID:Research into the development of a wearable bioartificial kidney with a continuous hemofilter and a bioartificial tubule device using tubular epithelial cells. 1472 Feb 90

The present study is designed to explore the relationship between the riboflavin levels in blood and urine and the risk of lung cancer among miners in Yunnan Tin Corporation(YTC) by means of nested case-control design. Cases were patients with lung cancer newly diagnosed from 1992 to 1995. For each case, 2 controls were randomly matched with occupational exposure history, age, the time of collecting blood or urine samples. The indexes for evaluating the riboflavin nutritional status were erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGR-AC) and the ratio of riboflavin and creatinine in urine. When analyzed as either the continuous or the rank variables, the odds ratios(ORs) used to estimate the relative risk of lung cancer have no statistical significance(P > 0.05) after adjusting the confusing factors. No association of riboflavin indexes in blood and urine with the lung cancer risk among YTC miners were observed in the present study.
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PMID:[Nested case-control study on riboflavin levels in blood and urine and the risk of lung cancer]. 1496 13

The specificity and sensitivity of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) was evaluated in 37 healthy subjects, 197 patients with benign diseases and 310 patients with malignant diseases of different origins. Abnormal ProGRP serum levels (>50 pg/ml) were found in 10% of the patients with benign diseases and in 26.1% of the patients with active cancer. None of the healthy subjects had abnormal ProGRP levels. The benign disease with the highest ProGRP concentration was renal failure, with abnormal values in 51.6% of the patients studied. Excluding patients with renal failure or patients with creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl, raised ProGRP values (<80 ng/ml) were found in 2.5% (4/160) of patients with benign diseases and in 4.9% of patients with active malignancies other than lung cancer or neuroendocrine tumors (<110 ng/ml). Abnormal ProGRP serum levels were found in 26.2% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (mean 40.5 +/- 35.4 pg/ml) and in 76.8% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (mean 694 +/- 1,776 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). ProGRP serum levels >300 pg/ml were only found in SCLC patients (41.4%). ProGRP results were related to tumor extension in SCLC (sensitivity in limited disease 58.3%, in extensive disease 95.5%) but not in NSCLC. In summary, renal failure is the most frequent source of false-positive results with ProGRP, and this marker is useful in the histological differential diagnosis of lung cancer.
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PMID:Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide in patients with benign and malignant diseases. 1519 13

A 73-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with productive cough and dyspnea. His chest X-ray and CT scan showed a mass lesion on the lower lung field, pleural effusion on the left side, metastatic lesion in the right lung, and multiple metastases in the liver. The diagnosis was non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Unfortunately, he had suffered from chronic nephritis; his creatinine level was 2.1, and his creatinine clearance was 29 ml/min. He received 4 courses of combined chemotherapy of carboplatin (AUC 5, day 1) and weekly paclitaxel (60 mg/ m2, day 1, 8, 15) every 4 weeks. His subjective symptoms as side effects were mild except for accidental melena due to colon diverticulum. Almost all lesions identified at admission were regressed by the chemotherapy. Although renal dysfunction often prevents patients with lung cancer from receiving systemic chemotherapies, in this case the combined chemotherapy of carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel proved to be a relatively safe and effective therapy for those patients with renal dysfunction.
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PMID:[A case of non-small cell lung carcinoma successfully treated with carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel under renal dysfunction]. 1557 Sep 41

The introduction of zoledronic acid, a new-generation bisphosphonate, has greatly extended the use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of patients with bone metastases. On the basis of results from three large, randomized, phase III clinical trials enrolling more than 3,000 patients, zoledronic acid (4 mg via 15-minute infusion) was approved in the United States for the treatment of patients with documented bone metastases from solid tumors in conjunction with standard antineoplastic therapy and patients with multiple myeloma. Zoledronic acid is also approved in Europe for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with advanced malignancies involving bone. Current treatment guidelines published by the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend the use of intravenous bisphosphonates at first radiographic evidence of osteopenia in patients with multiple myeloma or osteolytic bone lesions in patients with breast cancer to significantly reduce the occurrence and delay the onset of skeletal complications. Zoledronic acid has also demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other solid tumors. Bisphosphonate therapy is generally well tolerated but can be associated with increases in serum creatinine. Therefore, monitoring renal function is required for all patients receiving bisphosphonate therapy. Serum creatinine should be monitored before each dose and treatment withheld until any serum creatinine elevations have resolved to baseline levels. Caution should be exercised when treating patients who are receiving other potentially nephrotoxic therapies. With these simple precautions, intravenous bisphosphonate therapy is safe for long-term use and provides durable treatment benefits.
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PMID:Recommendations for zoledronic acid treatment of patients with bone metastases. 1585 80

Cigarette design has changed markedly over the past 60 years and sales-weighed levels of tar and nicotine have decreased. Currently, cigarettes are classified as regular (>14.5 mg tar), light (>6.5-14.5 mg tar), and ultralight (< or =6.5 mg tar), based on a Federal Trade Commission-specified machine-smoking protocol. Epidemiologic studies suggest that there is no difference in lung cancer risk among people who smoke light or ultralight cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes, but the uptake of lung carcinogens in smokers of these types of cigarettes has never been reported. We recruited 175 smokers, who filled out a tobacco use questionnaire in which their current brand was identified as regular, light, or ultralight. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL plus its glucuronides) and total cotinine (cotinine plus its glucuronides). 1-HOP and total NNAL are biomarkers of uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, lung carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Total cotinine is a biomarker of nicotine uptake. There were no statistically significant differences in urinary levels of 1-HOP, total NNAL, and total cotinine in smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes, whether the results were expressed per mg urinary creatinine, per mL of urine, or per mg creatinine divided by cigarettes per day. Levels of machine measured tar were available for the cigarettes smoked by 149 of the subjects. There was no correlation between levels of tar and any of the biomarkers. These results indicate that lung carcinogen and nicotine uptake, as measured by urinary 1-HOP, total NNAL, and total cotinine is the same in smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes. The results are consistent with epidemiologic studies that show no difference in lung cancer risk in smokers of these cigarettes.
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PMID:Similar uptake of lung carcinogens by smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes. 1576 51

Small cell lung cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy, and a survival advantage with its use is well established. However, whether chemotherapy also confers such benefits to patients with severe organ dysfunction has not been extensively studied. The goal of this study was to provide further guidance for clinical decision-making. Medical records from small cell lung cancer patients who were seen at a single tertiary care institution between 1994 and 2002 were reviewed. All patients with severe organ dysfunction were identified. The latter was defined as creatinine >/=3mg/dl, total bilirubin>/=3mg/dl, and/or platelet count</=50 x10(6) per milliliter. An in depth review of treatment and outcome in this patient subgroup was then undertaken. A total of 993 small cell lung cancer patients were seen during this period, and 25 (2.5%) had severe organ dysfunction. Eleven had been treated with chemotherapy, 11 had not, and this information was not retrievable in 3. Cyclophosphamide, etoposide (oral or intravenous), paclitaxel, cisplatin, or carboplatin were prescribed as single agents or in combination; 8 of 11 patients received an initial dose reduction. With chemotherapy, three patients normalized their bilirubin, and one manifested a notable drop. Median survival was 150 days for chemotherapy-treated patients but only 10 days for those who did not receive it. One patient died a few days after chemotherapy; three others were hospitalized immediately thereafter; and two were lost to follow up. In five patients, no notable adverse events were noted in the medical record. These preliminary findings suggest that, even in the presence of severe organ dysfunction, a subgroup of small cell lung cancer patients can tolerate chemotherapy, normalize their laboratory parameters, and go on to live for several months.
Lung Cancer 2005 Aug
PMID:Ramifications of severe organ dysfunction in newly diagnosed patients with small cell lung cancer: contemporary experience from a single institution. 1602 15

Malignant pleural effusion is typical of complications in advanced lung cancer patients, most of whom complain of dyspnea. The standard treatment for symptomatic pleural effusion is intrapleural administration of a chemical agent. In Japan, OK-432, a streptococcal preparation, and cisplatin (CDDP) have been among the most frequently used chemical agents. There have been very few reports on the efficacy of chemical agents for malignant pleural effusion. We compared therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of intrapleural OK-432 with CDDP in a case-control study. The subjects consisted of 32 lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion who were admitted to our hospital between January 2000 and June 2004. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed from duration of chest drainage after intrapleural administration, response rate, time to progression of malignant pleural effusion, and survival time. No statistically significant difference was observed for therapeutic efficacy. Although the OK-432-treated group had only grade 1 fever, chest pain, nausea, the CDDP-treated group had a grade 2 increase in creatinine and grade 3 nausea. Intrapleural OK-432 seemed to be better tolerated in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion than intrapleural CDDP.
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PMID:[Comparison of intrapleural OK-432 and cisplatin for malignant pleural effusion in lung cancer patients]. 1612 16

Arsenic, chromium, and nickel are reported in several epidemiologic studies to be associated with lung cancer. However, the health effects of arsenic, chromium, and nickel exposures are equivocal for children. Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional study to investigate possible associations between the internal concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and nickel and the level of oxidative stress to DNA in children. We measured urinary levels of arsenic, chromium, and nickel for 142 nonsmoking children using atomic absorption spectrometry. As a biomarker for oxidative stress, urinary 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The median urinary 8-OHdG level for our subjects was 11.7 ng/mg creatinine. No obvious relationship between the levels of urinary nickel and 8-OHdG was found. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that children with higher urinary chromium had greater urinary 8-OHdG than did those with lower urinary chromium. Similarly, subjects with higher urinary arsenic had greater urinary 8-OHdG than did those with lower urinary arsenic. Furthermore, children with both high urinary arsenic and high urinary chromium had the highest 8-OHdG levels (mean +/- SE, 16.0 +/- 1.3; vs. low arsenic/low chromium, p < 0.01) in urine, followed by those with low arsenic/high chromium (13.7 +/- 1.6; vs. low arsenic/low chromium, p = 0.25), high arsenic/low chromium (12.9 +/- 1.6 vs. low arsenic/low chromium, p = 0.52), and low arsenic/low chromium (11.5 +/- 1.3); the trend was significant (p < 0.001). Thus, environmental carcinogenic metal exposure to chromium and arsenic may play an important role in oxidative DNA damage to children.
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PMID:Increased levels of 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine attributable to carcinogenic metal exposure among schoolchildren. 1620 52


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