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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic imaging technique that has progressed rapidly from being a research technique in laboratories to a routine clinical imaging modality. The most widely used radiotracer in PET is Fluorine18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F18-FDG), which is an analogue of glucose. The FDG uptake in cells is directly proportional to glucose metabolism of cells. Since glucose metabolism is increased many fold in malignant tumors PET has a high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value. PET with FDG is now the standard of care in initial staging, monitoring the response to the therapy, and management of lung cancer, colonic cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer and breast cancer. Other indications of PET like bone tumor, ovarian cancer and cancer of unknown primary (CUP) has also been discussed in brief. The aim of this review article is to review the clinical applications of PET in various malignancies and only limited number of important studies will be discussed for this effort.
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PMID:Positron emission tomography imaging in evaluation of cancer patients. 1471 12

Current hemodialysis treatment is insufficient because of intermittent treatment and loss of tubular function. In order to overcome the loss of tubular function, a bioartificial kidney has been developed consisting of continuous hemofiltration (CHF) with 10 L/day of filtrate and a bioartificial tubule device using proximal tubular epithelial cells and hollow fiber membranes. Ten L/day of CHF enabled plasma levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid and, beta2-microglobulin in eight renal failure patients to be maintained at remarkably low levels. The concept was tested with 6 L (4 mL/min) of 10 L/day (7 mL/min) filtrate regenerated by a bioartificial tubule device and 4 L/day (3 mL/min) replaced by food and drinks. Lewis lung cancer-porcine kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) cells with a cell density of 107 cells/mL were seeded inside polysulfone hollow fiber modules four times at 1 h intervals while rotating the module 90 degrees each time, and were cultured for 48 h to form confluent monolayers. The leak rates of urea and creatinine across LLC-PK1 cell-attached polysulfone membrane modules (membrane areas: 56 cm2 and 4000 cm2) were investigated. Via conversion from 56 m2 to 1 m2 hollow fiber modules with LLC-PK1 cells for 24 h, the transport rates of H2O, glucose and Na+ were, respectively, 40, 65 and 35% of the target transported amounts from 6 L/day of filtrate. The rates are expected to approach 100% when 4-5 g/dL of albumin is added to the basal portion of the medium since the results were obtained without the addition of albumin for colloidal osmotic pressure.
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PMID:Research into the development of a wearable bioartificial kidney with a continuous hemofilter and a bioartificial tubule device using tubular epithelial cells. 1472 Feb 90

Over the past several years, positron emission tomography (PET) has become a clinically useful, noninvasive study which complements conventional imaging (chest radiographs, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) in the evaluation of patients with lung cancer. PET imaging of lung cancer is typically performed with the radiopharmaceutical 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), a d-glucose analog. Increased glucose metabolism by malignant cells results in increased uptake and accumulation of FDG, which serves as the basis for tumor detection. This review will focus on the current applications of FDG-PET in lung cancer patients including evaluation of focal pulmonary abnormalities, staging lung cancer, determining tumor recurrence, and in assessing prognosis.
Clin Lung Cancer 1999 Aug
PMID:Positron emission tomography imaging in lung cancer. 1472 48

The aim of this article is to introduce the clinical utility of FDG PET as oncologic imaging. PET (positron emission tomography) is a newly developed imaging tool, and it has increased the accuracy of metabolic mapping of numerous malignancies, with significant impact on the management of cancer patients for initial staging, restaging and therapy monitoring. PET can provide functional information in addition to morphology from conventional imaging modalities. 18F-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) is the most commonly used PET tracer and FDG PET can demonstrate the activity of glucose metabolism throughout the entire body in a single session. We describe the clinical utility of FDG in PET and display images of normal distribution and of patients with head and neck and lung cancer.
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PMID:Clinical utility of FDG PET. 1500 Feb 51

In the past 10 years, FDG-PET has become an important imaging modality in NSCLC. Its indication in the assessment of lung nodules and staging is based on large prospective experience, further supported by some meta-analyses. This evidence has important consequences for patient management, which recently was proved in a randomized trial that showed a reduction in the number of futile thoracotomies by preoperative PET. The use of FDG-PET could become more widespread when commercial isotope distributors are able to deliver FDG so that an on-site cyclotron is no longer a prerequisite. FDG has a half-life of 110 minutes, so a practical distribution radius of 200 km should be feasible. Current indications for PET in the staging of newly diagnosed NSCLC are mainly the patients who are considered to be candidates for radical treatment. The technique does not have a clinical indication in other patients--for example, when metastatic lymph nodes are detected at clinical examination, when a simple ultrasound study already points to diffuse hepatic metastases, or in cases of poor performance status. PET also has prognostic value; it can be used for the evaluation of response or restaging after radiotherapy or chemotherapy and for early detection of relapse. The combination of CT and PET improves radiotherapy planning and it is to be expected that combined CT-PET-guided planning devices will further refine three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Finally, a whole new field of application of PET in molecular biology using new radiopharmaceutics is in development. FDG, with its possibility to study tumor glucose metabolism, has paved the way for PET in clinical oncology. It is hoped that PET examinations with new molecular tracers will allow ever better specificity and become sufficiently reliable and manageable to evaluate receptors, transport proteins, and intracellular enzymes so that very early response monitoring during chemotherapy or radiotherapy, evaluation of novel molecular-targeted lung cancer therapies, or even gene therapy becomes possible. New tracers that have showed their promise in early clinical studies include 18F-fluorothymidine (a proliferation marker that might give better specificity in the assessment of solitary pulmonary nodules or better accuracy in the evaluation of early response), (99m)Tc-Annexin V (Apomate; an apoptosis-imaging agent that could be correlated with overall and progression-free survival in phase I data), or 18F-fluoromisonidazole (which can be used to quantify regional hypoxia in human tumors with PET).
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PMID:Positron emission tomography in the management of non-small cell lung cancer. 1500 93

Tumor growth is associated with a number of metabolic abnormalities. Glucose metabolism is deranged as frequently revealed by an impaired oral glucose tolerance test. Lipoprotein lipase activity is depressed, resulting in hypertrigliceridemia after an exogenous lipid load. Also protein metabolism is deranged in cancer patients, as revealed by changes of plasma amino acid profile. Our previous studies on plasma amino acids have shown that increased plasma free tryptophan levels are a frequent finding in cancer patients. To sustain a possible role for free tryptophan as a marker of neoplastic disease, we measured its plasma concentrations in 241 patients with cancer. Plasma free tryptophan concentrations were found to be significantly elevated with respect to healthy controls in patients with breast, lung, colon, stomach, and cancer from various origin. The sensitivity of this marker in predicting the presence of the tumor was highest for stomach and lung cancer patients. High plasma free tryptophan concentrations seem to be directly related to the presence of the tumor, since in breast cancer patients they returned to within normal range after eradicative surgery.
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PMID:Tumor-induced changes in host metabolism: a possible role for free tryptophan as a marker of neoplastic disease. 1520 51

Accurate staging of cancer has a critical role in optimal patient management. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) is superior to CT in the detection of local and distant metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Although Tc-99 m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scanning is well established in the evaluation of bone metastases, there are conflicting reports on the use of FDG PET in the evaluation of skeletal metastases. We report on a patient with locally advanced lung carcinoma in whom FDG PET accurately identified previously unsuspected widespread asymptomatic bone metastases (bone scan and X-rays negative, confirmed on MRI). Assessment of glucose metabolism with FDG PET might represent a more powerful tool to detect bone metastases in lung cancer compared with conventional bone scans.
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PMID:Detection of occult bone metastases of lung cancer with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. 1523 Jul 58

The increasing incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma has led to the development of new treatment strategies and a need for new diagnostic techniques to identify the extent of the disease at an early stage and to evaluate treatment. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in identifying the location and extent of the involved areas but cannot always differentiate between benign and malignant processes. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, which in oncology, is based on changes in metabolic pathways of glucose, has been shown in a number of studies to differentiate malign and benign lesions in patients with asbestos exposure. FDG-PET images were also found to provide excellent delineation of the active tumour sites. Further evaluations of this technique included a combined experimental/clinical study to investigate the difference in rates of FDG uptake between malignant and inflammatory cells and processes.
Lung Cancer 2004 Aug
PMID:Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of mesothelioma. 1526 38

It has been estimated that 30-40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source of sulforophane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines here it is likely that there would be at least a 60-70 percent decrease in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40-50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. 1549 24

Metabolic imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (FDG) has been accepted as an important imaging modality in lung cancer. FDG PET may have important impacts on the management of lung-cancer patients, for instance by improvement of locoregional (mediastinal) and extrathoracic staging (unexpected metastases). Interesting findings have now been reported in the response assessment to induction therapy providing results of greater prognostic significance than that obtained by conventional imaging methods. In the field of thoracic irradiation, FDG PET may provide advantages in terms of reduced toxicity, treatment intensification, better local tumour control and increased survival.
Lung Cancer 2004 Aug
PMID:Value of FDG PET in the management of NSCLC. 1555 85


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