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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Western males, responsible for 3% of all deaths in men over 55 years of age and second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death. Biomarkers have become an important diagnostic tool in prostate cancer. The discovery of the serum marker prostate-specific antigen (PSA) significantly facilitated the detection and management of prostate cancer. As we enter into the post-genomics era, novel biomarkers of prostate cancer of therapeutic significance will invariably emerge. Here we review a series of existing and emerging molecular-based prognostic markers particularly with radiotherapy.
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PMID:Molecular and genetic prognostic factors of prostate cancer. 1291 Mar 65

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men, following lung cancer. Although radical prostatectomy continues to be a curative treatment for most patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, nearly 25% of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy will have biochemical recurrence as defined by an increase in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level to >0.4 ng/mL after prostatectomy or a rapid doubling of the PSA over a 10-year follow-up period. The clinical challenges, an overview of available data, and a framework for the integration of this information for clinical management of biochemical recurrence postprostatectomy for prostate carcinoma are presented in this article. Therapeutic options, in addition to conservative management and watchful waiting, include radiation therapy and androgen deprivation. These options are discussed herein along with expected outcomes.
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PMID:Clinical strategies in the management of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. 1504 Aug 59

Exposure to certain industrial agents has been thought to have carcinogenic potential, both for employees who work closely with agents and for the general population that comes into contact with them. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes at the cellular level or at the level of cellular metabolism products present in the biological fluid, and to detect early stages of the carcinogenic process resulting from the exposure of industrial environmental hazards. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoproteins (AFP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were measured in sera of workers (n = 51), who were divided into 4 groups: group I, workers exposed to phenol; group II, workers exposed to formaldehyde; group III, workers exposed to urea; and group IV, workers exposed to mixed vapor, plus a reference control healthy group (n = 15). The results showed that 75% of the workers exposed to phenol, 75% of the workers exposed to urea, 83.3% of workers exposed to formalin, and 92.3% of the workers exposed to mixed vapors had raised values of serum CEA (S-CEA) above normal value of the control group. Also, 23% of workers exposed to mixed vapors, 44% of workers exposed to formalin, 50% of workers exposed to phenol, and 62.5% of workers exposed to urea had raised values of serum AFP (S-AFP) above normal value of control group. Finally, 16.6% of workers exposed to phenol, 23% of workers exposed to mixed vapors, and 33.3% of workers exposed to formalin had raised values of serum PSA (S-PSA) above the normal value of control group; there were no raised values of S-PSA in workers exposed to urea. No significant difference was found in the activities of AST and ALT in group I, but a highly significant increase was found in the AST activities for groups II and IV and the ALT activities for groups III and IV. A significant difference was found in the activity of ALT in group II and in AST for group III. There was no significant difference in the levels of albumin in groups I, II, and III, whereas albumin levels were significantly decreased in group IV. No significant change was found in the level of urea and creatinine in all groups except for group III, where serum levels of creatinine were significantly decreased. From our findings, we concluded that S-CEA can be used as an important prognostic screening marker for early prediction for malignancy, and for management of workers with lung cancer who are exposed to the environmental hazards in industrial factories. Furthermore, S-AFP can be used also as a biomarker if it is carried out and correlated with S-CEA.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, and prostate-specific antigen in the sera of industrial workers exposed to phenol, formaldehyde, urea, and mixed vapors. 1696 4

With a large local tumor, when surgical extirpation results in a positive surgical margin, adjuvant radiotherapy is the routine approach for a variety of solid tumors, such as head and neck cancers, rectal cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. With prostate cancer, however, surgery and radiotherapy are considered as alternative single-modality treatments, and their combination is far less enthusiastically embraced. Despite a trend toward earlier clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer since the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, modern surgical series continue to show a 15%-25% incidence of positive surgical margins. Postoperative radiotherapy, whether delivered as "adjuvant therapy" shortly after surgery or as "salvage therapy" when serum PSA becomes detectable, effectively improves local control and prolongs disease-free survival.
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PMID:Radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy: strike early, strike hard! The case for adjuvant radiation therapy. 1698 60

The use of screening imaging technology such as electron beam computed tomography and computed tomographic scans for the early detection of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, and other diseases is rising, even though they have not been proven to reduce disease-specific mortality. Until randomized, controlled trials assess the efficacy of these tests as screening tests, they will remain controversial. It is unclear whether the potential benefits of these screening tests outweigh the risks. In a practice environment in which public demand and enthusiasm for screening is high, radiologists can recognize the ethical issues associated with unproven screening imaging tests; understand current national policies toward professionalism and informed and shared decision making for screening; draw on the lessons learned from the proliferation of another unproven screening test, the prostate-specific antigen blood test for prostate cancer; and work with others in the health care system to promote an ethical approach to screening imaging tests.
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PMID:Promoting an ethical approach to unproven screening imaging tests. 1741 19

This review outlines current international patterns in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates and survival, including recent trends and a discussion of the possible impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on the observed data. Internationally, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed among men (behind lung cancer), and is the sixth most common cause of cancer death among men. Prostate cancer is particularly prevalent in developed countries such as the United States and the Scandinavian countries, with about a six-fold difference between high-incidence and low-incidence countries. Interpretation of trends in incidence and survival are complicated by the increasing impact of PSA testing, particularly in more developed countries. As Western influences become more pronounced in less developed countries, prostate cancer incidence rates in those countries are tending to increase, even though the prevalence of PSA testing is relatively low. Larger proportions of younger men are being diagnosed with prostate cancer and living longer following diagnosis of prostate cancer, which has many implications for health systems. Decreasing mortality rates are becoming widespread among more developed countries, although it is not clear whether this is due to earlier diagnosis (PSA testing), improved treatment, or some combination of these or other factors.
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PMID:International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends. 1910 47

Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors are relatively uncommon events with dismal prognosis. They can be seen mainly in patients with breast and lung cancer, and malignant melanoma, but have also been described in a variety of other tumor types. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from prostate cancer is an extremely rare complication, but as patients' survival is prolonged due to more effective treatments, it is expected that more patients will present with leptomeningeal involvement in advanced stages of the disease. In these cases high levels of prostate-specific antigen can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid. This comprehensive review presents the recent findings from the literature.
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PMID:Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum. 1990 16

Cancer prevention sometimes referred to as tertiary prevention or chemoprevention makes use of specific xenobiotics or drugs to prevent, delay, or retard the development of cancer. Over the last two decades or so cancer prevention has made significant strides. For example, prevention of lung cancer through smoking cessation; cervical cancer prevention through regular Pap smear tests; colon cancer prevention through screening colonoscopy; and prostate cancer reductions by prostate-specific antigen measurements in conjunction with regular prostate examinations. The seminal epidemiological observation that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent colon and other cancers has provided the impetus to develop novel chemoprevention approaches against cancer. To that end, a number of "designer drugs" have been synthesized that are in different stages of development, evaluation, and deployment. Some include the cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors (coxibs), nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs and NONO-NSAIDs), hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, modulators of the lipoxygenase pathway, prostanoid receptor blockers, and chemokine receptor antagonists. In addition to these novel agents, there are also a host of naturally occurring compounds/micronutrients that have chemopreventive properties. This chapter reviews these classes of compounds, their utility and mechanism(s) of action against the background of mediators that link inflammation and cancer.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory agents as cancer therapeutics. 2023 Jul 59

This article summarizes the phenomenon of cancer overdiagnosis-the diagnosis of a "cancer" that would otherwise not go on to cause symptoms or death. We describe the two prerequisites for cancer overdiagnosis to occur: the existence of a silent disease reservoir and activities leading to its detection (particularly cancer screening). We estimated the magnitude of overdiagnosis from randomized trials: about 25% of mammographically detected breast cancers, 50% of chest x-ray and/or sputum-detected lung cancers, and 60% of prostate-specific antigen-detected prostate cancers. We also review data from observational studies and population-based cancer statistics suggesting overdiagnosis in computed tomography-detected lung cancer, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, melanoma, and kidney cancer. To address the problem, patients must be adequately informed of the nature and the magnitude of the trade-off involved with early cancer detection. Equally important, researchers need to work to develop better estimates of the magnitude of overdiagnosis and develop clinical strategies to help minimize it.
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PMID:Overdiagnosis in cancer. 2207 86

Debate about the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests to screen prostate cancer in men is ongoing. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer after skin cancer in men and the second most deadly after lung cancer. An elevated PSA level can lead to this cancer's diagnosis and treatment even before the onset of symptoms. However, other causes also can create a high PSA level, which may lead to men being unnecessarily treated for prostate cancer. This article will shed some light on the issue and discuss prostate cancer screening.
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PMID:To screen or not to screen: ongoing debate in the early detection of prostate cancer. 2127 45


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