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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper describes a unique program for the systematic screening of commonly used prescription drugs for possible carcinogenic effects, by following up a large cohort of patients with computer-stored pharmacy data for incidence of cancer. Among the most interesting findings in recent analyses are an association of several antibiotics with subsequent lung cancer, and negative associations of prescribed vitamin E and diazepam with certain cancers. Analyses of additional data do not clearly indicate that these represent causal relationships to the drugs themselves. Also of interest is our continuing negative evidence regarding reserpine and metronidazole. The planned computerization of all pharmacies in our medical care program now serving over 2.2 million subscribers, should greatly increase our drug surveillance capabilities.
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PMID:Epidemiological screening for potentially carcinogenic drugs. 231 34

Whether or not serum selenium and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations were changed was examined among healthy families of lung cancer patients. Family members as a whole (115 sons and daughters of 55 patients with primary lung cancer) were found to have a trend to lower serum selenium levels (0.116 +/- SD 0.024 microgram/ml, 0.05 less than P less than 0.1). Particularly among families of adenocarcinoma patients, the mean level was significantly lower (0.111 +/- 0.019 microgram/ml, P less than 0.05) than that (0.122 +/- 0.014 microgram/ml) in age-ratio matched controls who did not have cancer patients among their second-degree relatives. Serum vitamin E levels (11.85 +/- 2.85 micrograms/ml) were significantly lower among family members of adenocarcinoma patients than the controls (14.1 +/- 3.1 micrograms/ml, P less than 0.01). Serum selenium and vitamin E levels were significantly lower in lung cancer patients (n = 37, mean age, 63.9 +/- 11.2 yr) than in the controls (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that there are familial factors in serum selenium and vitamin E levels among families of lung cancer patients.
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PMID:Serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations in families of lung cancer patients. 303 99

We reviewed the human epidemiologic studies of the possible protective effect against lung cancer of various dietary constituents, including preformed vitamin A, carotene, vitamin E, selenium, and vitamin C. Beta carotene has strong potential as a protective agent, though constituents of green and yellow vegetables other than carotene may account for the reduced cancer incidence observed in many studies. Selenium also deserves attention as a potential chemopreventive nutrient, though data are limited. Data on vitamin E are sparse and inconclusive, and there is little evidence that vitamin C provides protection against human lung cancer. It is likely that cessation of cigarette smoking would have a far greater influence on reducing lung cancer incidence than any known dietary modification.
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PMID:Diet and lung cancer. A review of the epidemiologic evidence in humans. 354 20

We studied the relation of serum vitamin A (retinol), beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium to the risk of lung cancer, using serum that had been collected during a large blood-collection study performed in Washington County, Maryland, in 1974. Levels of the nutrients in serum samples from 99 persons who were subsequently found to have lung cancer (in 1975 to 1983) were compared with levels in 196 controls who were matched for age, sex, race, month of blood donation, and smoking history. A strong inverse association between serum beta-carotene and the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung was observed (relative odds, 4.30; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.38 and 13.41). Mean (+/- SD) levels of vitamin E were lower among the cases than the controls (10.5 +/- 3.2 vs. 11.9 +/- 4.90 mg per liter), when all histologic types of cancer were considered together. In addition, a linear trend in risk was found (P = 0.04), so that persons with serum levels of vitamin E in the lowest quintile had a 2.5 times higher risk of lung cancer than persons with levels in the highest quintile. These data support an association between low levels of serum vitamin E and the risk of any type of lung cancer and between low levels of serum beta-carotene and the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung.
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PMID:Serum beta-carotene, vitamins A and E, selenium, and the risk of lung cancer. 377 37

The possibility that dietary intake of certain vitamins and minerals may influence the occurrence of human cancer is receiving considerable scientific attention. One prominent hypothesis, that increased dietary intake of vitamin A reduces the occurrence of cancer, has received support from a large number of epidemiologic studies in which an inverse association was observed. The largest body of evidence relates to lung cancer. However, when examined in further detail, this apparent protective effect appears primarily attributable to higher intakes of green and yellow vegetables, which contain the carotenoid precursors of vitamin A. In contrast, there is little evidence to support an association between preformed vitamin A intake and cancer risk. In several studies based on prospectively collected sera, retinol levels were inversely related to subsequent cancer risk. However, these have not been supported by further investigations and appear to be the result of methodologic artifact. Available evidence thus suggests that factors associated with green and yellow vegetables provides modest protection against certain forms of cancer; beta-carotene is a likely candidate and is the focus of considerable research activity. Stimulated by the results of many animal studies and ecologic comparisons, we and other investigators have examined the association of serum selenium levels with subsequent risk of cancer. In the three published prospective studies an inverse association was observed, with a 2-to 5-fold increase in overall cancer risk among those with lowest selenium levels. As would be predicted by animal studies, the combination of low selenium and low vitamin E appears to be particularly deleterious.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Vitamin A and selenium intake in relation to human cancer risk. 391 96

The independent and joint associations of serum selenium and vitamin A (retinol) and E (alpha tocopherol) concentrations with the risk of death from cancer were studied in 51 case-control pairs--that is, 51 patients with cancer, each paired with a control matched for age, sex, and smoking. Case-control pairs came from a random sample of some 12000 people aged 30-64 years resident in two provinces of eastern Finland who were followed up for four years. Patients who died of cancer during the follow up period had a 12% lower mean serum selenium concentration (p = 0.015) than the controls. The difference persisted when deaths from cancer in the first follow up year were excluded. The adjusted risk of fatal cancer was 5.8-fold (95% confidence interval 1.2-29.0) among subjects in the lowest tertile of selenium concentrations compared with those with higher values. Subjects with both low selenium and low alpha tocopherol concentrations in serum had an 11.4-fold adjusted risk. Among smoking men with cancer serum retinol concentrations were 26% lower than in smoking controls (p = 0.002). These data suggest that dietary selenium deficiency is associated with an increased risk of fatal cancer, that low vitamin E intake may enhance this effect, and that decreased vitamin or provitamin A intake contributes to the risk of lung cancer among smoking men with a low selenium intake.
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PMID:Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: matched case-control analysis of prospective data. 391 11

Serum specimens were obtained from over 6800 men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii from 1971 to 1975. Since then, the following numbers of newly diagnosed cancer cases have been identified: 81 colon, 74 lung, 70 stomach, 32 rectum, and 27 urinary bladder. The stored sera of the cases and 302 controls were tested to determine their beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E levels. There was no association of either vitamin A or E with any of the cancers. For serum beta-carotene, there was a significant association only with lung cancer (20.0 micrograms/dl in cases versus 29.0 in controls, P less than 0.005). The lung cancer odds ratio for men in the lowest quintile of beta-carotene was 3.4 relative to men in the highest quintile. These findings suggest that a low serum beta-carotene level is a predictor of increased lung cancer risk in men.
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PMID:Serum vitamin levels and the risk of cancer of specific sites in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. 398 77

Epidemiologic studies suggest that low carotene intake and low levels of serum retinol may be associated with an increased risk of cancer. Likewise, in some animal studies vitamin E has been associated with a reduced rate of induced cancers. Therefore, we measured retinol, retinol-binding protein, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), and total carotenoids in serum collected in 1973 from 111 participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program who were free of cancer at the time but were diagnosed as having cancer during the subsequent five years. These measurements were compared with those in 210 controls who were matched for age, sex, race, and time of blood collection, and who remained free of cancer. Mean values for retinol were similar for cases and controls (67.3 and 68.7 micrograms per deciliter, respectively [95 per cent confidence limits for case-control difference, -6.7 to 3.5]). Values were also similar for retinol-binding protein (6.01 and 5.94 mg per deciliter [-0.42 to 0.56]), and carotenoids (114.5 and 111.6 micrograms per deciliter [-9.1 to 15.9]). The mean base-line retinol level in the 18 subjects with subsequent lung cancer was higher than that in their matched controls (79.0 vs. 71.4 micrograms per deciliter, -4.9 to 19.7). Serum vitamin E levels were somewhat lower in subjects who later had cancer than in controls (1.16 and 1.26 mg per deciliter, -0.22 to 0.02), in part because of the confounding effect of serum cholesterol levels (when adjusted for lipid levels, the case-control difference was -0.05 mg per deciliter; -0.17 to 0.07). These data do not support hypotheses relating intake or serum levels of antioxidant vitamins to a reduced cancer risk.
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PMID:Relation of serum vitamins A and E and carotenoids to the risk of cancer. 653 88

The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study was a placebo-controlled, randomized intervention trial testing the hypothesis that beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) supplements prevent lung and other cancers. The study is predicated on a substantial body of evidence supporting a role in cancer prevention for these micronutrients. Based on the 2 x 2 factorial study design, 29,133 eligible male cigarette smokers aged 50-69 y were randomly assigned to receive beta-carotene (20 mg), alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, or placebo daily for 5-8 y. Capsule compliance was high (median = 99%). beta-Carotene treatment did not result in a decrease in cancer at any of the major sites but rather in an increase at several sites, most notably lung, prostate, and stomach (number of cases 474 compared with 402, 138 compared with 112, and 70 compared with 56, respectively). The vitamin E group had fewer incident cancers of the prostate and colorectum compared with the group not receiving vitamin E (number of cases 99 compared with 151 and 68 compared with 81, respectively), but more cancers of the stomach (70 compared with 56). In contrast to these intervention-based findings for beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements, we observed lower lung cancer rates in men with higher amounts of both serum and dietary beta-carotene and vitamin E at baseline.
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PMID:Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. 749 43

Epidemiologic evidence links high antioxidant status with low risk of degenerative disease. Optimal intakes of antioxidants may not be achievable by diet alone; supplements may be taken, particularly in subgroups of the population at high risk. It is thus necessary to ensure that antioxidant supplements are safe and free from side effects. The toxicity of vitamin E is low; no mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic effects are known and in double-blind studies in which large amounts of vitamin E were used in humans, no side effects occurred. High concentrations are contraindicated in subjects with vitamin K-associated blood coagulation disorders, and the toxicity in normal subjects ingesting large amounts of vitamin E over long periods requires additional investigation. Toxicity of beta-carotene also is low. Evidence from human toxicity trials is not available but there is much circumstantial evidence that 15-50 mg/d is without side effects except for hypercarotenemia in some subjects at high intakes. The findings of more lung cancer in subjects who smoked and who were given 20 mg beta-carotene/d than in those given a placebo could be influenced by the cancer being well advanced before beta-carotene administration. Massive anecdotal evidence exists that vitamin C (at > or = 1 g/d) is safe. Exhaustive literature searches have failed to reveal a controlled study of vitamin C toxicity in human subjects. Anxiety exists about oxalate stone formation, uricosuria, vitamin B-12 destruction, mutagenicity, and iron overload, but the consensus is that adverse effects do not occur in healthy subjects ingesting large amounts of vitamin C.
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PMID:Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene. 749 52


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