Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty nine scientific papers had been published in english or french literature, by 1988, on the matter of respiratory health effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS). Fifteen dealt with lung cancer. An original meta-analytical approach was used in order to assess the consistency of these results, where the quality of the papers contributes to the weighing scheme, along with the traditional precision parameters. Lung cancer studies converge towards a point estimate of the relative risk (RR) near 1.5, contrasting non smokers exposed during a long time to ETS (mostly at home) and non exposed non smokers (95% confidence interval = 1.3-1.6). Important methodological difficulties did not allow, to date, to show consistent dose-effect relationship with duration or intensity of exposure. Chronic infections of lower respiratory tract related to ETS have been frequently observed (RR = 1.3; 1.2-1.4) as well among adults as among children. Wheezing and asthma are likewise more frequent among children exposed to ETS at home (RR = 1.2; 1.1-1.4). A modest, although statistically significant decrease of Forced Expiratory Volume at One Second is associated with passive smoking among children (mean effect = -0.5%). Health risk related to passive smoking are much lower than those caused by active smoking. However, this hazard should not be underlooked, since ETS is universally present in everyday life and since anyone may be exposed, including children, the elderly and those who suffer from chronic respiratory diseases. Many research needs are underscored by this meta-analysis. It remains that the current state of knowledge on health risks associated with passive smoking warrants that strong preventive action, educative or statutory, be promoted.
 ...
PMID:[Passive smoking respiratory risk. A quantitative synthesis of the literature]. 214 55

A 59-year-old woman who accidentally swallowed a foreign body (fish bone) 9 months ago was admitted to our hospital because of cough, hemosputum and sleep wheezing for two months. Chest roentgenograms and chest CT scanning revealed severe stenosis of the right lower lobe bronchus and truncus intermedius, suggesting lung cancer. Bronchoscopic examination revealed an intrabronchial foreign body. The biopsy specimen from granulation tissue revealed bronchial actinomycosis. The foreign body was removed bronchoscopically after an extensive chemotherapy with penicillin G (for actinomycosis) and prednisolone (for granulation tissue of the bronchus). This was considered to be a rare case of bronchial actinomycosis without a pulmonary lesion produced by a foreign body.
 ...
PMID:[Foreign body-induced bronchial actinomycosis with severe stenosis that must be distinguished from lung cancer]. 221 88

Endobronchial tuberculosis is not as well-known to internists as tuberculosis involving the lung parenchyma. Five cases with this condition are reported to illustrate the varied clinical manifestations. The presenting features of the 5 cases were lobar or lung collapse, unresolved pneumonia, dyspnoea and stridor. Bronchostenosis developed in 2 patients many years following chemotherapy, while stenosis of the trachea developed in one patient during chemotherapy. In another patient, the tuberculous granulation tissue simulated a lung cancer at bronchoscopy. Diagnosis can be difficult as endobronchial tuberculosis can occur in the absence of chest X-ray abnormality and sputum smear may also be negative for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Therefore, bronchoscopy should be done when the condition is suspected in a patient who has unexplained cough, wheezing, dyspnoea or haemoptysis. The modalities of treatment for fibrostenosis of a large airway include surgical resection followed by anastomosis, balloon dilatation, laser photoresection or a combination of both procedures.
 ...
PMID:Endobronchial tuberculosis--a report of 5 cases. 225 40

Numerous studies have documented the effects of smoking and reduced pulmonary function on all-cause mortality. The effects of respiratory symptoms are less well studied. This paper examines the joint effects of respiratory symptoms, lung function, and smoking using 11-year mortality data on 698 subjects aged 25 years and older. Copies of death certificates were obtained for all 120 confirmed deaths, and cause of death was coded by a nosologist using the rules of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Symptoms of cough/phlegm, wheeze, and dyspnea were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in separate univariate analyses. On a cause-specific basis, these associations appeared to hold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and vascular disease. Further analysis indicated that, for both smokers and nonsmokers, the presence of chronic cough and/or sputum production was related to mortality only in the presence of wheezing. In addition, among smokers, the presence of both cough/phlegm and wheeze. In addition, among smokers, the presence of both cough/phlegm and wheeze was significantly associated with mortality only among subjects with low initial lung function. Although the limited number of deaths and the nonrandom nature of the cohort limit the generalizability of our findings, it seems clear, based on these results and other published studies, that symptoms of cough, phlegm, and/or wheeze have important adverse health implications even in the absence of smoking and reduced lung function. More studies using common methodological approaches are needed.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and mortality in a screening center cohort. 272 54

In 1962 a cohort of 4604 Finnish men were interviewed about their smoking habits and cardiorespiratory symptoms. The cohort was followed up for deaths and incidence of lung cancer from 1963 to 1980 in order to study the effect of smoking and respiratory symptoms on the risk of lung cancer. The joint effect of smoking, age and respiratory symptoms on the risk of lung cancer was studied using a log-linear modelling technique. When analysed simultaneously with smoking, the symptoms of phlegm, shortness of breath and wheezing were all significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk. The joint effect of smoking and phlegm as well as that of smoking and wheezing was close to being multiplicative. Even if smoking is a causative factor in both these symptoms and in lung cancer, the symptoms seem to have a separate role as predictors of lung cancer risk.
 ...
PMID:The joint effect of smoking and respiratory symptoms on risk of lung cancer. 344 Jun 61

Recent studies have used preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing to improve risk assessment of pulmonary resection for lung cancer. These studies have demonstrated inconsistent correlation between peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and postoperative complications but have not systematically examined other methods of risk stratification. We analyzed the findings in 42 patients who had cardiopulmonary exercise testing prior to lung cancer resection. Preoperative clinical data combining pulmonary factors (obesity, productive cough, wheezing, tobacco use, ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s over the forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC] < 70 percent, and PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg), and an established cardiac risk index were used to generate a cardiopulmonary risk index (CPRI). When analyzed using the risk index, the incidence of postoperative complications increased with higher CPRI scores. Those with a CPRI of 4 or greater were 22 times more likely to develop a complication, compared to a CPRI of less than 4 (p < 0.0001). We found that patients with a peak VO2 less than 500 ml/m2/min (body surface area) were 6 times more likely to experience a cardiopulmonary complication (p < 0.05). With multiple logistic regression analysis, peak VO2 was not an independent predictor of postoperative complications. Analysis also demonstrated that a CPRI of 4 or greater was associated with significant reductions in peak VO2. We conclude that both the peak VO2 during cardiopulmonary exercise testing and a multifactorial CPRI are highly predictive of complications after lung resection. Adding the peak VO2 did not enhance the risk estimation generated by the CPRI. The association between postoperative complications and peak VO2 may be explained by the correlation between identifiable cardiopulmonary disease (CPRI) and reduced oxygen uptake with exercise.
 ...
PMID:Predicting complications after pulmonary resection. Preoperative exercise testing vs a multifactorial cardiopulmonary risk index. 836 78

During the last 25 years, several hundred papers have been published on the respiratory health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Various independent assessments have concluded that ETS causes lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increases the risk of various noncancer effects, principally in children. The effects on children include pneumonia, bronchitis and bronchiolitis in young children; chronic middle ear effusion; increased frequency and severity of attacks among asthmatics; possible induction of asthma in previously asymptomatic individuals; small reductions in lung function; and symptoms of upper respiratory tract irritation. In nonsmoking adults, ETS exposure is associated with irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and with wheezing, symptoms of bronchitis, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. The results of recent studies not only confirm and strengthen the above findings but also provide strong suggestive evidence that ETS causes sinonasal cancer and is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. To mitigate such a preventable environmental health impact, public health measures to reduce involuntary ETS exposure are warranted.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. 900 Mar 1

Smokers not only increase their own risk of pulmonary disease, but contribute to the health risk of nonsmokers through the production of environmental tobacco smoke. Evidence continues to build regarding the positive association between passive smoking and increased risk of respiratory symptoms and lung diseases. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure has been implicated in both the development and worsening of airway hyperresponsiveness and wheezing. Pulmonary function reduction has been documented in children with both prenatal and postnatal exposure, but the presence of increased airway obstruction and its long-term significance is unclear in adults. There is growing concern about the risk of lung cancer, particularly among female never-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke in the home and workplace. Environmental tobacco smoke is a major component of indoor air pollution and a major public health threat. Most importantly, it is a preventable risk and efforts to control and eliminate exposure need to be encouraged.
 ...
PMID:The respiratory effects of passive tobacco smoking. 936 28

The harmful effects of passive smoking are well known and proved. A cause-and-effect relationship between involuntary inhalation of cigarette smoke and increased number of various respiratory diseases either in children or in adults is now clearly established. Many publications indicate that the respiratory consequences of passive smoking in humans may include nonmalignant disease in addition to lung cancer. It has been observed that children exposed to cigarette smoke have more frequently asthma and other wheezing diseases. An influence of the passive smoking on the pulmonary function tests has been also widely examined. A functional disorders especially of bronchioles have been detected. Since adverse effects of passive smoking on human health are proved there is a necessity to enable life in the environment free from cigarette smoke.
 ...
PMID:[The influence of passive smoking on the respiratory tract]. 938 Aug 12

Air pollution is one of the world's most serious environmental problems. It has been common knowledge for many years now that the lung is one of the main target organs of environmental agents. Over the last ten years, in particular, lung diseases have increased dramatically and the literature on the subject reports high death rates from lung cancer and an increased incidence of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These respiratory diseases are also caused by exposure to environmental agents, especially air pollution. Outdoor pollution is related to many compounds and, in assessing the air-borne pollutants and their association with respiratory damage, the role of particulate matter (PM) is of major importance. In addition to outdoor pollution, indoor pollution also exists and consists of environmental substances usually found outside which enter the internal environment, and/or of locally produced substances. Air pollution exposure involves the contact of pollutants with the respiratory tract, such exposure being measured according to two parameters: intensity and duration. Generally speaking, the pathogenic effects of environmental pollution on the organism fall into two categories: acute, or short-term effects, and long-term effects, depending on the time required from exposure to the manifestation of its effect. Short-term effects consist of irritant symptoms affecting the airways with different degrees of severity, while long-term effects, related to chronic exposure, are associated with chronic respiratory diseases, and unremitting symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, etc. Moreover, air irritants can give rise to inflammatory damage of the mucous membrane of the airways, thereby making it more susceptible to various types of allergens. In conclusion, air pollution is an important etiological factor for many chronic respiratory disorders, such as bronchial asthma and COPD. Prevention programs and early treatments are essential in an attempt to block the clinical-functional deterioration caused by these respiratory diseases.
 ...
PMID:Air pollution and reversible chronic respiratory diseases. 1261 74


1 2 3 Next >>