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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

"Environmental tobacco smoke" (ETS) is the term used to characterize tobacco combustion products inhaled by nonsmokers in the proximity of burning tobacco. Over 3800 compounds are in tobacco smoke, many of which are known carcinogens. Most ETS exposure is from sidestream smoke emitted from the burning tip of the cigarette. Sidestream smoke is hazardous because it contains high concentrations of ammonia, benzene, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and many carcinogens. Nonsmokers chronically exposed to ETS are believed to assume health risks similar to those of a light smoker. Children of parents who smoke have more respiratory infections, more hospitalizations for bronchitis and pneumonia, and a smaller rate of increase in lung function compared to children of parents who do not smoke, particularly during the first year of life. Among adults with preexisting health conditions such as allergies, chronic lung conditions, and angina, the symptoms of these conditions are exacerbated by exposure to ETS. The acute health effects among healthy adults include headaches, nausea, and irritation of the eyes and nasal mucous membranes. The evidence for a relationship between ETS and cancer at sites other than lung is insufficient to draw any positive conclusions. For lung cancer, studies have consistently shown an excess risk between 10% and 300%, with a summary relative risk of 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.5). A dose-response relation is suggested but difficult to assess completely. Histologic types of lung cancer are generally similar to those most closely associated with active smoking, although other histologic types have also been found. Both excess relative risks and the dose responses are underestimates of the true excess risk and of the range of dose-response effect. Although the temporal relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is established, many questions are unanswered. The findings are consistent with many known biologic effects of active smoking and are partially analogous to the biologic effects of direct smoke inhalation. As many as 5000 nonsmokers are estimated to die annually from lung cancer as a result of exposure to ETS. There is great potential for prevention of these premature deaths. The two major preventive actions are (a) eliminating the source by reducing the amount of direct smoking and (b) limiting the level of exposure by restricting where tobacco can be smoked. Specific preventive actions include smoking cessation, smoking prevention, restriction of advertising, increased taxation on tobacco, and adoption of stringent nonsmoking policies in the workplace, schools, and public places.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Health hazards of passive smoking. 328 40

Differences between men and women regarding morbidity have been investigated in relation to tobacco smoking, among 2,009 70-year-olds in the longitudinal gerontological study in Gothenburg, Sweden. Male smokers (44%) had started smoking earlier (age 18) than female (14%, age 30), consumed more tobacco and more often inhaled tobacco smoke. Peptic ulcer, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer were examples of diseases more common in males. ECG evidences of myocardial ischemia were more common in males, while anginal pain showed the same prevalence. Cholecystectomy and antihypertensive treatment were more common among females. When adjustments were made for duration of smoking, amount of tobacco consumed, significant sex differences were still observed for ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia (dominance in males), peptic ulcer (dominance in males), intermittent claudication (dominance in females) and treatment for hypertension (dominance in females). The majority of disorders predominant in males were found to be related to smoking, while those predominating among females showed the same sex difference when adjustments were made for smoking habits. Future increasing segments of females addicted to tobacco smoking will obviously markedly influence sex difference in morbidity.
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PMID:Tobacco smoking--a major cause of sex differences in health. 345 75

In 1962, a cohort of 4604 Finnish men was interviewed about their smoking habits and cardiorespiratory symptoms. The cohort was followed up for deaths and incidence of lung cancer from 1963 to 1980 in order to study the effect of smoking and cardiac symptoms on the incidence of lung cancer. When analyzed simultaneously with smoking, the symptoms of angina, possible infarction and shortness of breath were all significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk. For example, the RR of lung cancer among those with possible infarction was 2.4, when age and smoking were adjusted for, and 1.8, when additionally shortness of breath and angina-like chest pain were adjusted for. Among smokers of greater than or equal to 15 g/day, those with symptoms of angina displayed a considerable excess risk (RR 2.5). A broad range of impairments of the cardiopulmonary functions seem to be associated with the carcinogenic processes invoked by smoking.
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PMID:Smoking and cardiac symptoms as predictors of lung cancer. 368 Apr 70

The prevalence of selected cardiorespiratory symptoms was ascertained by a common mail questionnaire for 73,884 men and women in the United States, Great Britain and Norway. The study groups were identified in the early 1960's and included 30,033 British and Norwegian migrants to the United States and 43,851 non-migrants who resided in Great Britain and Norway. The main study objectives were to contrast the morbidity and mortality experience of the migrant and non-migrant groups in the light of known national differences in mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in the early 1960's. At that time, the U.S. had the highest death rates from coronary heart disease while Great Britain had the highest rates for lung cancer and for chronic non-specific lung disease. Norway had the lowest rates for all three rubrics. The prevalence of "angina" and other symptoms was ascertained for each of the study groups. Contrary to expectation, angina was reported much more frequently by persons remaining in Britain and Norway than by migrants to the United States. Mortality rates during the five years and responding to the symptoms questionnaire were determined and mortality patterns were evaluated according to the presence or absence of angina. Angina was found to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. In the absence of angina, it was observed that migrants had similar mortality rates to non-migrants regardless of country of origin. However, the British had higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and from non-cardiovascular causes than the Norwegians. The primary determinant of angina prevalence was found to be migration status. It is believed that this differential was determined primarily by selection of those who migrate, with the migrants to the U.S. being a healthier group than their counterparts remaining in the native country.
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PMID:The British-Norwegian migrant study--analysis of parameters of mortality differentials associated with angina. 709 15

Passive smokers are exposed to a quantitatively smaller but qualitatively different smoke than active smokers. Clinical and epidemiological investigations indicate that allergic and nonallergic subjects are susceptible to tobacco smoke. The most frequent symptoms are eye irritation and blinking, nasal and throat irritation, nausea and headache. Acute effects on respiratory system are manifested by increase of airway resistance and decrease of airway specific conductance. Chronic effects include deterioration of pulmonary function, exacerbation of allergy, chronic pulmonary diseases, angina pectoris and increase of relative risk of lung cancer. Children are sensitive to tobacco smoke even before birth and exposure during the first year of life increases the risk of respiratory disease. Passive smoking at workplace is recognized as a cause of occupational respiratory diseases and the tollerable concentration of cigarette smoke is suggested for 8-hour exposure of healthy workers.
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PMID:[Passive smoking--(un)recognized effects on the respiratory system]. 830 42

As an alternative method of myocardial protection and to obviate the inherent risks of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we have been performing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without CPB in carefully selected patients. Since the first such operation was successfully performed in January 1995 on a patient with angina pectoris and lung cancer, four other patients have subsequently undergone this technique. This series of 5 patients, being 1 man and 4 women ranging in age from 68 to 80 years, is presented in this report. The reasons for the selection of this procedure were concomitant diseases including lung cancer, a calcified aorta, and myocardial infarction. The mean time of ischemia for each anastomosis was 15.3 +/- 5.3 min, and the maximum cardiac muscle creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MB) was less than 14 unit/l postoperatively. None of the patients required ventilatory support for longer than 24 h postoperatively, and oral intake was started within 24 h after extubation in all patients. Postoperative angiography confirmed graft patency and none of the patients developed any ischemic symptoms. All the patients were discharged between 1 and 2 months postoperatively. Thus, the off-pump technique is useful when concomitant diseases are present and will become an alternative method of treatment for coronary artery disease in selected patients.
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PMID:Indications and problems of coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. 906 98

Surgical management of patients with concomitant resectable lung lesions and critical cardiac disease is controversial. We report a case of concomitant pulmonary and cardiac surgery via a left thoracotomy. A 67-year-old male was admitted to our hospital complaining of recurrent bloody sputum and an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. Chest CT and MRI showed a tumor in the left lower lobe (S10), with invasion of the diaphragm. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy. The patient had a history of angina pectoris, and stress testing was positive. Coronary angiography showed 90% stenosis at segment 5, suggesting a risk of perioperative or postoperative myocardial infarction. This necessitated simultaneous surgical treatment for lung cancer and ischemic heart disease. A lobectomy of the left lower lung was performed, followed by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), using the great saphenous vein. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the occurrence of cholecystitis. Lung cancer and ischemic heart disease can be safely treated simultaneously via a single incision, with and benefit for selected patients.
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PMID:[A case report of left postero-lateral thoracotomy for simultaneous CABG and left lower lobectomy]. 934 Dec 73

Vasospastic angina is rarely observed during cancer treatment. The present report describes two males with lung cancer, aged 73 and 61, who developed vasospastic angina during combination treatment of cisplatin-containing chemotherapy and thoracic irradiation. As both patients have smoked and their ages are typical for patients with coronary artery disease, such events may be incidental. However, oncologists should be aware of the possible development of myocardial ischemia during or following administration of antineoplastic agents, especially in elderly patients with pre-existing coronary risk factors or a history of thoracic radiotherapy.
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PMID:Vasospastic angina likely related to cisplatin-containing chemotherapy and thoracic irradiation for lung cancer. 1039 83

Ipsilateral axillary lymph node visualization due to extravasation of Tc-99m MDP intravenous injection has been well documented. A patient with suspected angina underwent Tc-99m MIBI myocardial SPECT who had extravasation of Tc-99m MIBI in the antecubital region resulting in ipsilateral axillary lymph node uptake. This finding should not be misinterpreted as lymphatic nodal metastasis in a patient with breast cancer or lung cancer.
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PMID:Axillary lymph node uptake of Tc-99m MIBI resulting from extravasation should not be misinterpreted as metastasis. 1051 Aug 85

A prospective phase II study was conducted to determine the response, toxicity and survival rate of lung cancer patients treated with combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in stage IIIB and IV NSCLC. Eligible patients required measurable and/or evaluable diseases; performance status (ECOG) 0-2; no previous chemotherapy; adequate hepatic, renal and bone marrow function. Paclitaxel was administered at a dose of 200 mg/m2, 3 h infusion, followed by carboplatin at an AUC of 6. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks for six courses. G-CSF 5 microgram/kg was subcutaneously injected during subsequent courses if there was grade 3-4 leucopenia or granulocytopenia in the previous course. From April 1996 through July 1997, 53 patients were enrolled; all are assessable for toxicity and response. The median age was 56 years (range, 20-77 years). Sixty four percent were male, 64% had adenocarcinoma and 62% had stage IV disease. Two hundred and seventy two courses were administered; 36 patients (68%) completed all six cycles. Two patients achieved a complete response (4%) and 27 patients achieved a partial response (51%), for an overall response rate of 55%. Sixteen patients had stable disease (30%) and 8 patients had progressive disease (15%). The median progression free survival time for all patients, stage IIIB and stage IV patients was 28 weeks (range, 18-37 weeks), 31 weeks (range 21-41 weeks) and 22 weeks (range 16-29 weeks), respectively. The median survival time and 1 year survival rate for all patients was 55 weeks (range, 51-59 weeks) and 55%, respectively. Stage IIIB patients had better median survival time and 1-year survival rate than stage IV patients (75 vs. 46 weeks, P = 0.007; 80% vs. 42%, P = 0.003). Grade 3 and 4 granulocytopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 25, 3, and 1%, respectively, of the 272 courses administered. G-CSF was required in 28% of the 272 courses. There were four episodes of febrile neutropenia (1.5%), three episodes of angina pectoris (1%) and one episode of anaphylaxis (0.4%). Other common toxicities, generally mild, included myalgia, arthralgia, peripheral neuropathy and asthenia. Most toxicities showed cumulative effect. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin is a moderately active regimen in advanced NSCLC. Toxicities of this regimen are well tolerated.
Lung Cancer 1999 Dec
PMID:Phase II study of paclitaxel and carboplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. 1059 28


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