Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor plays a key role in the induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression, leading to the synthesis of cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, growth factors and enzymes. Results of studies in in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation and malignancy have also suggested central roles for NF-kappaB in programmed cell death, or apoptosis. NF-kappaB plays a central role in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In the common lung diseases associated with a significant inflammatory component such as severe sepsis, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis and asthma, the pathogenic roles of NF-kappaB have been extensively investigated. In COPD, activation of NF-kappaB has been implicated in disease pathogenesis but its exact role is less clearly demonstrable in this heterogeneous patient population. However, the principal risk factor for COPD, cigarette smoking, is strongly associated with NF-kappaB activation. Activation of NF-kappaB has been demonstrated in mineral dust diseases and probably plays a role in the pathogenesis of these chronic illnesses. NF-kB also plays a variety of roles in lung cancer including resistance to chemotherapy, inhibition of tumorigenesis and inducing expression of antiapoptotic genes. The complex NF-kappaB pathway offers a variety of potential molecular targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. A variety of agents aimed at modulating NF-kappaB activity are in various stages of investigation.
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PMID:The role of nuclear factor kappa B in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases: implications for therapy. 1472 3

Among all indoor pollutants, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) might be the most important. In population-based studies 30 to 60 % of the participants reported regular exposure to ETS. ETS has been classified as carcinogenic by several national and international agencies. In 2002, a paragraph on restriction of smoking at the workplace has been added to the German Workplaces Ordinance. International meta-analyses have been published on the potential health effects of ETS exposure. In these studies, the pooled relative risk (RR) for lung cancer has been estimated between 1.1 and 1.3. The pooled risk estimate for coronary heart disease (CHD) was slightly higher (1.25 - 1.35). The RR in the group with the highest exposure might be as high as 2. An increased risk has also be shown consistently for respiratory symptoms, asthma, and COPD. Because of the high incidence of CHD the public health impact of ETS exposure on CHD might be higher than the impact due to additional lung cancer cases.
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PMID:[Passive smoking--current position of science]. 1472 78

Heart disease in men is declining steadily, but it remains the number one killer of men in the United States. CLRD, influenza/pneumonia, and lung cancer are three more causes of top 10 mortalities in men. Epidemiological and clinical studies conclude that CVD is largely preventable through lifestyle modification. CHD, COPD, occupational lung disease, and lung cancer are all preventable by primary prevention (ie, no cigarette smoking). All men should be counseled about the grave significance of heart and lung disease as a cause of illness and death, the importance of primary prevention, and the great variability in symptom presentation. Nurses are in the ideal position to educate patients, families, and colleagues about heart and lung disease.
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PMID:Men's cardiovascular and pulmonary health. 1515 80

Chronic inflammation predisposes toward many types of cancer. Chronic bronchitis and asthma, for example, heighten the risk of lung cancer. Exactly which inflammatory mediators (e.g., oxidant species and growth factors) and lung wound repair processes (e.g., proangiogenic factors) enhance pulmonary neoplastic development is not clear. One approach to uncover the most relevant biochemical and physiological pathways is to identify genes underlying susceptibilities to inflammation and to cancer development at the same anatomic site. Mice develop lung adenocarcinomas similar in histology, molecular characteristics, and histogenesis to this most common human lung cancer subtype. Over two dozen loci, called Pas or pulmonary adenoma susceptibility, Par or pulmonary adenoma resistance, and Sluc or susceptibility to lung cancer genes, regulate differential lung tumor susceptibility among inbred mouse strains as assigned by QTL (quantitative trait locus) mapping. Chromosomal sites that determine responsiveness to proinflammatory pneumotoxicants such as ozone (O3), particulates, and hyperoxia have also been mapped in mice. For example, susceptibility QTLs have been identified on chromosomes 17 and 11 for O3-induced inflammation (Inf1, Inf2), O3-induced acute lung injury (Aliq3, Aliq1), and sulfate-associated particulates. Sites within the human and mouse genomes for asthma and COPD phenotypes have also been delineated. It is of great interest that several susceptibility loci for mouse lung neoplasia also contain susceptibility genes for toxicant-induced lung injury and inflammation and are homologous to several human asthma loci. These QTLs are described herein, candidate genes are suggested within these sites, and experimental evidence that inflammation enhances lung tumor development is provided.
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PMID:Susceptibility to neoplastic and non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases in mice: genetic similarities. 1535 60

Loss of antioxidant/oxidant homeostasis perpetuates inflammation in the lungs and may contribute to the development of COPD and lung cancer. Cigarette smoke (CS) is a primary source of airway oxidative stress and recruits inflammatory cells into smokers' lungs. However, whether these consequences are attributable to a specific or the collective fraction of CS is unknown. We investigated whether the particulate or the gas phase of CS would alter expression of the antioxidant enzymes MnSOD and NQO1 or CINC-1. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to sham (n = 10) or the particulate phase (PP; n = 10) or gas phase (n = 10) of a Kentucky reference cigarette (1R4F) for 2 h/d for 28 d, after which animals were sacrificed and the lower left lobe of the lung was removed. Immunoblots for SOD and NQO1 revealed that lungs exposed to PP had higher MnSOD/actin and NQO1/actin ratios than either sham-or gas phase-treated animals. In contrast, CuZnSOD remained unchanged. In PP-exposed animals, CINC-1 was 3-fold higher than in sham-exposed animals. The increases in MnSOD and NQO1 protein were associated with increases in total SOD, NQO1, and MPO activities. These data provide evidence that the PP of CS alters oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in the lungs and participates in the pathogenesis of CS-induced lung diseases such as COPD and cancer.
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PMID:Particulate phase cigarette smoke increases MnSOD, NQO1, and CINC-1 in rat lungs. 1547 4

This study assessed the usefulness of SSCT for mass screening retrospectively in 8885 subjects (6781 men, 2104 women) who had received mass screening to detect thoracic disease by using SSCT from 1999 to 2003. In the 8885, 119 (1.3%) lesions were detected as active thoracic disease. These 119 lesions comprised 39 neoplasms and 80 instances of non-neoplastic disease. Of those with neoplastic lesions, 25 had lung cancer (adenocarcinomas, 20; Squamous, 3; carcinoids, 2), 7 had mediastinal tumors and 7, others. Non-neoplastic cases comprised 39 of COPD (pulmonary emphysema), 17 of pulmonary tuberculosis, 8 of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis and 16 others. Surgical treatment was performed in 46 cases: 25 of lung cancer, 14 of non-cancerous neoplasms, 3 of pulmonary sequestration and 4 others. In the lung cancer cases, the post-surgical staging was I or II (stage I, 20; stage II, 5). Low-attenuation areas (LAA) were seen on multiple CT slices in 2.2% of all subjects (195). These 195 cases had no respiratory symptoms such as exertional dyspnea, But 39 of them had an FEV1.0% (FEV1.0/FVC) of less than 70%. All 39 had a history of smoking, We suggested that SSCT screening is a useful method of mass screening to detect thoracic neoplastic lesions as well as non-neoplastic lesions.
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PMID:[Usefulness of low-dose single-slice CT (SSCT) for mass screening to detect various thoracic diseases including lung cancer]. 1556 2

COPD mortality is a world-wide growing problem. COPD is the fifth leading cause of mortality among all diseases now and is projected to be the third one in 2020. In the USA died 119,000 inhabitants in 2001. The Czech republic mortality for COPD in the same year was: men 21.3/100,000 inhabitants, women 11.6/100,000; this represents total number of 1666 deaths for COPD. Prevalence of COPD is from 4.5% to 11% in developed countries of Europe and in the USA; prevalence in the Czech republic is 7.7%. Total economic cost of COPD reaches in the USA nearly the same value as cost of lung cancer. The cost is increasing with severity of the disease and with hospitalization, intensive care unit treatment especially. The average length of hospitalization for COPD is in the USA 6.9 days, in Italy 10.6 days, in the Czech republic 15.8 days. Increasing lost of life years by premature death and inability to work (Disability-Adjusted Life Year--DALY system) in developed countries moves COPD from current 12th positron to the 5th one. Quality of life of COPD patients is decreased mainly in domain of physical activity in subjects with respiratory insufficiency on home long term oxygen therapy.
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PMID:[The importance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. 1558 Aug 95

--The Dutch National Public Health Compass has been available on the Internet (www.nationaalkompas.nl) since 2001. This website, developed and managed by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, contains data and information on the population's health status, its determinants, prevention and care. The Compass brings together information from various data sources, research and expert opinions. --On the basis of this Compass, an overview has been made of the health of the Dutch population. --Both the life expectancy and the healthy life expectancy in the Netherlands increased after 1980. --Mortality from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents and lung cancer decreased, but they are still the most important causes of death. --Especially psychological disorders (alcohol dependence, anxiety disorders and depression), coronary heart disease and COPD are associated with a significant decrease in quality of life. --There are important health differences in the Netherlands between rich and poor, urban and rural areas, natives and immigrants. --The difference in life expectancy between men and women will decrease from more than 5 years in 2000 to less than 4 years in 2020. --A permanent facility for the provision of accurate public-health information is of great importance. The collaboration of registration holders and experts in maintaining the Compass is and will remain essential so that an integral overview of the health of the Dutch population can also be made in the future.
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PMID:[Health and disease in the Netherlands: the Dutch National Public Health Compass as a source of information]. 1571 31

The authors describe the case of survival for the period of 10 years after brain metastasis surgery and removal of the left lung upper lobe due to adeno-squamous cells carcinoma. Surgery did not generate any complications. Within 8 years after the surgery the radiological examination showed infiltrations resembling changes typical for tuberculosis. Microbiological analysis showed a culture of Mycobacterium kansasi leading to diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. Hence the antituberculous treatment was extended to 12 months to be interrupted due to liver damage. Two years later the patient experienced incident of haemoptysis. Detailed examination and assessment of the respiratory tract condition revealed COPD without features of renewal of the neoplastic process or infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium other than tuberculosis. This case demonstrates that aggressive surgical approaches to lung cancer with solitary cerebral metastasis significantly improve patient survival and justifies its widespread use.
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PMID:[10 years survival of patient with lung cancer and cerebral metastasis]. 1602

Mortality levels of national populations have often been studied in relation to levels of gross domestic product (GDP) at time of death. Following the life course perspective, we assessed whether old-age mortality levels for subsequent cohorts are differentially associated with GDP levels prevailing at different ages of the cohorts. We used all-cause and cause-specific mortality data by sex, age at death (65-99), year at death (1950-1999), and year of birth (1865-1924) for Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Trends in national GDP per capita between 1865 and 1999 were reconstructed from historical national accounts data. Through Poisson regression analyses, we determined for each country both univariate and multivariate associations across five-year birth cohorts between mortality and GDP levels prevailing at time of death, and at earlier ages of the cohorts (i.e. 0-5, 6-19, 20-49, and 50-64). For the subsequent cohorts, levels of GDP at time of death were strongly inversely associated with all-cause mortality, especially among women, and among men in England and Wales, Finland, and France. In most countries, stronger associations were observed with GDP levels prevailing at earlier ages of the cohorts. After control for GDP at time of death, these associations remained. An independent association of GDP at earlier ages of the cohort was also observed for cause-specific mortality. The associations were negative for ischaemic heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and stomach cancer. They were positive for prostate cancer, breast cancer, COPD (women), and lung cancer (women). GDP prevailing at ages 20-49 (men) and ages 50-64 (women) had the largest associations with old-age mortality. These findings suggest an independent, mostly negative effect of GDP prevailing at earlier ages of subsequent cohorts on old-age mortality. Socio-economic circumstances during adulthood and middle age seem more important in determining old-age mortality trends than those during infancy or childhood.
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PMID:Association between gross domestic product throughout the life course and old-age mortality across birth cohorts: parallel analyses of seven European countries, 1950-1999. 1645 23


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