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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To examine what kinds of factors could have caused the geographic variation observed in lung cancer morbidity in Japan, a correlation study was performed comparing various regional traits. The same study was also conducted on large intestinal cancer, aiming to distinguish the possible urban factors associated with both cancers. Lung cancer was highly correlated with industrialization-related factors such as localization of manufacturing industries, automobile traffic and air pollution, whereas colon cancer was correlated with the population density of workers in the tertiary industries such as services, trade and government. A multiple regression analysis could not detect any single factor with an exceptionally strong influence on either cancer. The present findings suggest that the hazardous environmental condition of urban areas has, to some extent, contributed to the recent increase of lung cancer cases in this country.
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PMID:A comparative epidemiologic study on geographic distributions of cancers of the lung and the large intestine in Japan. 314 30

Ten years' follow-up of mortality of 1.7 million persons aged 15 years or more with measured body weight and height demonstrates a consistent correlation between body mass index and mortality. The risk function is an asymmetrical U-function. This shape makes the determination of an optimum very uncertain. The two tails in the distribution of the body mass index show marked differences as to the causes of death: the lower tail is characterized by tuberculosis, lung cancer, obstructive lung diseases, and the upper tail by cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and (for males) colon cancer.
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PMID:Hazard of obesity--the Norwegian experience. 316 65

In evaluating patients for malignant disease, involved or uninvolved anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes (ADLNs) may be observed at computed tomography (CT) evaluation of either the chest or abdomen. While ADLNs have been described on both chest radiography and CT, lymph nodes lateral to the cardiophrenic angles have not been as well illustrated. In this review, we examine the anatomy of the entire group of ADLNs and emphasize the importance of the more laterally placed ADLNs. ADLNs were identified at CT in 125 patients. Lymphoma (41%) was the malignancy most commonly associated with enlarged ADLNs followed by breast cancer (12%), colon cancer (10%) and lung cancer (6%). Twenty other malignancies accounted for 30% of the series. ADLNs lateral to the cardiophrenic angles were half as common as the other ADLNs. Right-sided nodes were more common than left-sided ones. Of 71 patients with two or more CT scans, 53 showed change in size of the nodes on follow-up examination. Our data do not support prior reports that suggest that a particular site of origin of malignancy exclusively involves one side or other of the ADLNs. In our experience, knowledge of the location and appearance of the entire group of ADLNs, including those nodes lateral to the cardiophrenic angles, has been useful in planning radiotherapy portals in Hodgkin disease, as well as staging and follow-up of other malignancies.
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PMID:Anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. 322 20

Leukocyte adherence inhibition-cell mediated immunity (LAI-CMI) studies were performed on leukocytes obtained from patients with various stages of breast cancer, colon carcinoma and lung cancer in order to monitor cell mediated immunity during tumor progression. In the presence of autologous serum, all patients with localized tumors showed positive LAI-CMI indexes (greater than 20%), while significant reduction of homologous tumor antigen recognition as measured by the LAI-CMI responses was observed in nearly all patients with Stage IV breast cancer, Duke C colon cancer and Stage III lung cancer. On substituting autologous serum with normal AB serum, leukocytes from patients with large tumor burdens responded to homologous tumor antigens. These results indicate the existence of organ-specific serum factor(s) which may mask the receptor sites on effector cells for tumor recognition. Patients with such serum blocking factor(s) showed significant increase of IgG immune complexes IgM, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulins. Application of a protein A affinity column purification resulted in a major reduction of IgG and other immune globulins but not of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The blocking effects of autologous serum, however, were not completely abrogated by filtration on the protein A column, thus suggesting that SBF may be heterogeneous in nature and may occur in other serum protein fractions beside the immune globulins.
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PMID:Effector lymphocyte response to homologous tumor antigens in various stages of malignant disease as monitored by leukocyte adherence inhibition--cell mediated immunity (LAI-CMI). 328 Apr 78

DNA methylation appears to play an important role in both physiological and experimentally modified gene expression, and alterations in DNA methylation have been described in animal tumor models and in transformed cells and tumor cell lines. However, there have been comparatively few reports on DNA methylation in primary human malignancies, and these reports are somewhat contradictory. While individual genes have shown hypomethylation in colon cancer and premalignant adenomas as well as in lung cancer, other genes have shown increased methylation, and absolute measures of 5-methylcytosine content have shown decreases in malignancies but not in premalignant adenomas. We have used a sensitive quantitative measurement of 5-methylcytosine content by high performance liquid chromatography revealing an unequivocal hypomethylation of tumor DNA. An average of 8 and 10% reduction in genomic 5-methylcytosine content was seen in apparently all colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas, respectively, and there was no significant difference between benign and malignant tumors. This is a substantial quantitative alteration and suggests a pervasive abnormality in the control of DNA methylation. Surprisingly, three patients with the highest 5-methylcytosine content in their normal colon appear to have a germline predisposition to cancer (Lynch syndrome).
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PMID:Reduced genomic 5-methylcytosine content in human colonic neoplasia. 334 96

In developed populations colorectal cancer, which after lung cancer is the commonest of cancers, accounts for up to 6% of all deaths. It occurs most frequently in populations in prosperous industrialised countries, save Japan, and is rare in Third-World populations pursuing a traditional lifestyle. Peak occurrence is in the 7th decade. Colon cancer affects the sexes equally, but males are much more prone to rectal cancer. The precise causation is uncertain. Risk factors include genetic or familial predisposition, inflammatory bowel disease, diet (especially high fat and low dietary fibre intakes), and possibly alcohol intake. Surgery remains the treatment of choice. Stage is by far the most important factor influencing prognosis. Major refinements in both surgical and therapeutic measures have had disappointingly little effect on survival time. Overall median mortality occurs in 1-1 1/2 years; only one-third to one-half of patients survive for 5 years. While effective screening for very early detection could increase survival time, this will result only from further education. Since little avoiding action is practicable, the outlook for patients will remain daunting until help is sought far earlier.
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PMID:Colorectal cancer. Some aspects of epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, screening and survival. 337 29

Neoplastic transformations are accompanied by an alteration in the composition of cell membrane glycoproteins, major structural components of the cell surface. Plasma sialyltransferase enzyme is involved in the transfer of sialic acid residues from cytosine monophosphate (CMP) sialic acid to a suitable acceptor. In the present study plasma sialyltransferase was assayed using a radiometric method, which measured the transfer of radioactivity from (14C) CMP sialic acid to desialated fetuin. Plasma sialyltransferase was measured in 127 normal and 91 cancer patients. The mean plasma sialyltransferase in the normal volunteers was 837 units (CPM/25 microliters plasma/hr). The mean plasma sialytransferase in 26 breast cancer patients, 22 lung cancer patients, 20 colon cancer patients, 5 ovarian cancer patients, 4 cervix cancer patients, 5 pancreas cancer patients, 6 prostate cancer patients, and 3 gastrointestinal tract cancer patients was 1710, 1406, 1344, 1227, 1233, 1406, 1250, and 1426 units, respectively. No significant difference was observed with respect to age. In 32 treated breast cancer patients the mean value was 757 units. Serial determinations in 17 patients correlated well with tumor burden. However, in 2 patients the plasma enzyme level did not correspond to tumor mass. These results indicate that plasma sialyltransferase is significantly elevated in patients with a variety of cancers. Plasma sialyltransferase determination may be useful in the followup of patients with a variety of cancers.
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PMID:Plasma sialyltransferase as a tumor marker. 339 Aug 43

Clinical studies have demonstrated an altered pineal function in cancer patients. Owing to the documented antineoplastic activity of the pineal gland, these anomalies could have a prognostic significance. This study was carried out to monitor changes in blood levels of melatonin, the most important pineal hormone, in relation to the clinical response to chemotherapy in human neoplasms. The study included 42 cancer patients of both sexes (breast cancer, 10; lung cancer, 13; colon cancer, 11; soft tissue sarcoma, 4; testicular cancer, 1; Hodgkin's disease, 1; peritoneal mesothelioma, 2). Melatonin serum levels were measured by radioimmunoassay before and 28 days after each cycle of chemotherapy. The results showed that, irrespectively of the type of tumor and chemotherapeutic regimen, 12/16 patients (75%) whose melatonin markedly enhanced after chemotherapy had an objective regression. In contrast, 2/26 patients only (8%) whose melatonin did not enhance after chemotherapy had a clinical response. The percentage of objective responses was statistically significantly higher in patients with a chemotherapy-induced melatonin increase than in those with no melatonin increase (p less than 0.001). This study seems to demonstrate that melatonin determination can be used as a predictor of the objective response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Moreover, it suggests that the antineoplastic effect of cytotoxic drugs may require participation of the pineal gland.
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PMID:Melatonin increase as predictor for tumor objective response to chemotherapy in advanced cancer patients. 340 Jan 24

An earlier, relatively small case-referent study has shown an increased risk for glassworks employees to die from stomach cancer, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. This observation suggested an extended study virtually covering the entire glass-producing industry of Sweden. This new study confirmed the earlier results and, furthermore, an excess risk for colon cancer was also identified. No deviation was found in the cancer mortality pattern for all men in the glass-producing area compared to the whole of Sweden. The grouping of glassworks employees according to type of metal consumption at the glassworks showed the excess risks of stomach cancer, colon cancer, and cardiovascular deaths to relate to glassworks with a high consumption of lead, arsenic, antimony, and manganese. However, the strong correlation of these various metal exposures did not permit any successful separation of the effects of the different metals. For cardiovascular mortality, as for cancer, the glassblowers especially suffered from increased risk. Their exposure might, to a great extent, be oral, involving the glassblower's pipe as a "vector" for the exposure to various metals.
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PMID:Mortality in the Swedish glassworks industry. 343 43

We wanted to examine the distribution of cancer by socioeconomic group in Sweden. For this purpose the 1960 Census population was followed up for the whole period 1961-79 by means of the Swedish Cancer Environment Registry. Cancer morbidity in five socioeconomic groups was analysed for each of 50 cancer sites. An association was found between several sites and particular socioeconomic groups. For instance, there are elevated rates of lung cancer and stomach cancer among blue collar workers; colon cancer and breast cancer among white collar workers and lip and stomach cancer among self-employed farmers. The overall cancer morbidity was close to the expected levels for all groups except self-employed farmers, who showed a marked deficit.
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PMID:Occurrence of cancer in socioeconomic groups in Sweden. An analysis based on the Swedish Cancer Environment Registry. 348 87


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