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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

LY 188011 (gemcitabine hydrochloride) was evaluated for its antitumor effect in fifteen human tumors xenografted in nude mice from seven gastric, two colorectal, two breast, two lung and two liver cancer lines, in the latter four of which the results were compared with those obtained with mitomycin C. LY 188011 significantly reduced the volume of tumor xenografts in seven lines, including drug-resistant colorectal and lung cancer lines. The antitumor effect of LY 188011 was further confirmed by pathological observation. Moreover, LY 188011 has shown to be significantly more potent in two lung cancer models than mitomycin C. Administration of LY 188011 induced less side effect; early loss of body weight was observed in four lines out of fifteen tested. These data suggest that LY 188011 seemed to be an excellent candidate in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.
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PMID:[Antitumor activity of LY 188011, a new deoxycytidine analog, against human cancers xenografted into nude mice]. 812 93

Why use neural networks? The reasons commonly cited in the literature for using artificial neural networks for any problem are many and varied. They learn from experience. They work where other algorithms fail. They generalize from the training examples to perform well on independent test data. They reduce the number of false alarms without increasing significantly the number of false negatives. They are fast and are easier to use than conventional statistical techniques, especially when multiple prognostic factors are needed for a given problem. These factors have been overly promoted for the neural techniques. The common theme of this paper is that artificial neural networks have proven to be an interesting and useful alternate processing strategy. Artificial neural techniques, however, are not magical solutions with mystical abilities that work without good engineering. With good understanding of their capabilities and limitations they can be applied productively to problems in early detection and diagnosis of cancer. The specific cancer applications which will be used to demonstrate current work in artificial neural networks for cancer detection and diagnosis are breast cancer, liver cancer and lung cancer.
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PMID:Artificial neural networks for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. 816 69

Biomarkers of effect have important potential in epidemiology, since they may enable ascertainment of exposure-effect associations in relatively inexpensive cross-sectional studies, with confirmation by short follow-up after cessation of exposure. Arsenic is known to cause human skin and lung cancer, and may also cause various internal cancers including bladder, kidney, and liver cancer. The strongest epidemiological association between arsenic ingestion and an internal cancer is that with bladder cancer. Epidemiological studies of a Taiwanese population exposed to high levels of arsenic from drinking water reported relative risks for bladder cancer well above any other known environmental carcinogen. Populations at increased risk for bladder cancer from other exposures, such as smoking and schistosomiasis infection, have elevated frequencies of micronuclei in exfoliated bladder cells. We have therefore proposed that the bladder cell micronucleus assay could be an appropriate biological marker of genotoxic effect of arsenic exposure. In this paper, we present the rationale for choosing the bladder cell micronucleus assay as a potential biomarker of effect for arsenic. We also briefly describe the studies we are conducting using this biomarker in currently exposed populations.
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PMID:Rationale for selecting exfoliated bladder cell micronuclei as potential biomarkers for arsenic genotoxicity. 823 Feb 98

This report presents worldwide estimates of annual mortality from all cancers and for 18 specific cancer sites around 1985. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates and numbers of deaths were computed for 24 geographical areas. Of the estimated 5 million deaths from cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), 56% occurred in developing countries. The most frequent neoplasm is lung cancer, accounting for 22% of cancer deaths in men. Among women breast cancer is the leading malignancy, accounting for 16% and 11% of all cancer deaths in developed and developing countries, respectively. In developing countries, cancer of the cervix uteri ranks first, breast cancer second. The second most frequent cause of death from cancer in both sexes is cancer of the stomach, followed by liver cancer in men and by colon/rectum cancer in women. Cancers of the colon/rectum and prostate maintain a high rank in men living in developed countries, while cancers of the lung, ovary and pancreas occupy similar ranks among women. In developing countries, cancers of the oesophagus and mouth/pharynx follow those previously mentioned in both sexes. If the estimated rates continue to prevail, increases in the numbers of deaths of 20.4% in developed and 18.1% in developing countries are expected by the year 2000, simply as a consequence of demographic trends towards ageing and population growth. Our results provide an indication of the potential impact of preventive practices. It is estimated that 20% of all cancer deaths (1 million) could be prevented by eliminating tobacco smoking. Mortality from cancers of the liver and uterine cervix, both major problems in developing countries, could be substantially reduced by immunization against hepatitis B virus infection and early detection through Pap smears, respectively.
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PMID:Estimates of the worldwide mortality from eighteen major cancers in 1985. Implications for prevention and projections of future burden. 825 25

More than 60 mouse monoclonal antibodies directed to cytochrome c from Candida krusei with different specificities were raised. Most of these monoclonal antibodies, except for three of them, did not cross-react with bovine cytochrome c. By the immunoblotting method, the monoclonal antibodies of clones HCC 5-13, 9-2, and 10-5 reacted with the Candida cytochrome c, which had been transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane, but those of clones HCC 1-22, 6-3, and 17-3 did not, although all these monoclonal antibodies strongly reacted with coated Candida cytochrome c on plastic immunoplates when examined by ELISA. On the contrary, monoclonal antibody activities of clones HCC 1-22, 6-3, and 17-3 in binding to the coated cytochrome c in ELISA were inhibited competitively by the addition of extra Candida cytochrome c, whereas those of clones HCC 5-13, 9-2, and 10-5 were not inhibited. Among these monoclonal antibodies, the antibody of clone HCC 6-3, which showed a good reactivity to added cytochrome c in inhibiting ELISA reaction but was not reactive with the transblotted cytochrome c on nitrocellulose, was found to be reactive with human lung cancer tissues specifically with no reactivity to normal tissues. The immunostaining of lung cancer tissue showed that this mouse monoclonal antibody to Candida cytochrome c reacted to the cytoplasmic fraction of the cancer cells specifically.
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PMID:Cancer-specific binding of a mouse MAb vs. Candida krusei cytochrome c: an antigen recognized by a cancer-associated human MAb HB4C5. 825 72

The prevalence, rate of correct clinical diagnosis and mortality of cancer were analyzed in 4,894 consecutive autopsies at the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital from 1972 to 1990. average age and standard deviation of patients was 78.1 +/- 9.1 years. Cancer was found in 45.5% of patients of 60 years and over, and in 49.1% in men and 41.9% in women (p < 0.001). Cancer prevalence decreased with advance in age; 50.0% in the sixties, 47.9% in the seventies, 43.2% in the eighties and 39.3% in the nineties and over. Multiple cancer was found in approximately 12% of patients of 70 years and over. The top three cancer incidences were gastric cancer, 15.0%, lung cancer, 10.7% and colon cancer, 5.9% in both genders. In men, prostate cancer was next common, followed in orderly hepatic cancer, esophageal cancer, gall bladder-bile duct cancer, pancreas cancer, renal cancer and urinary bladder cancer. In women, the following order of frequency was gall bladder-bile duct cancer, uterus cancer, pancreas cancer, hepatic cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer and urinary bladder cancer. The prevalence of gastric cancer, lung cancer, hepatic cancer and esophageal cancer was significantly higher in men, while that of gall bladder-bile duct cancer was higher in women. The age-related tendencies varied among cancers of different organs. Gastric cancer increased up to the sixties in men and up to the seventies in women and leveled off after those ages. Lung cancer revealed peak prevalence in the sixties and seventies and decreased after the age of eighty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Prevalence, rate of correct clinical diagnosis and mortality of cancer in 4,894 elderly autopsy cases]. 847 26

Cancer is a multifactorial and multistage process, the exact mechanisms of which are still only partially known. However, even in the absence of a complete understanding of the process of carcinogenesis, we have been able to identify several factors which modify the risk of tumour development in humans. These include both endogenous and environmental factors, ranging from exposure to a single identified chemical to the occupations we follow in order to make our living. Cancer prevention strategies may differ in different parts of the world. In Europe, lung cancer is responsible for about one fourth of all cancer deaths and most of it could be prevented by eliminating tobacco smoking. Other exposures that can be controlled include occupational exposures to agents known to cause cancer at sites such as lung, bladder, paranasal sinuses, leukaemia, lymphoma and liver, as well as exposure to sunlight, known to be associated with both non-melanocytic and melanocytic skin cancer. Liver cancer is a common cancer in other regions of the world where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic; in these areas, fungal contamination of food is also common. While immunization against HBV may be the method of choice in the long run, reduction of exposure to aflatoxins might be a more useful intermediate goal in primary prevention because of the strong interaction between hepatitis B and aflatoxin exposure on liver cancer risk. To date, few chemical agents have been proved to be of etiological relevance to cancer in humans at sites such as the breast (with the exception of oestrogenic hormones), ovary, colon-rectum and prostate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cancer etiology: agents causally associated with human cancer. 847 88

Occupation and industry codes on death certificates from 23 states for 1984-1988 were used to evaluate mortality risks among white and nonwhite, male and female farmers. Proportionate mortality and proportionate cancer mortality ratios were calculated using deaths among nonfarmers from the same states to generate expected numbers. Among farmers there were 119,648 deaths among white men, 2,400 among white women, 11,446 among nonwhite men, and 2,066 among nonwhite women. Deficits occurred in all race-sex groups for infective and parasitic diseases, all cancer combined, lung cancer, liver cancer, diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, and emphysema. As reported in other studies, white male farmers had excesses of cancer of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system, lip, eye, brain, and prostate. Excesses of cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bone, and thyroid were new findings. Regional patterns were evident, particularly among white men. Significant excesses for accidents, vascular lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), and cancers of the prostate tended to occur in most geographic regions, while excesses for mechanical suffocation, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancers of the lip, brain, and the lymphatic and hematopoietic system were limited to the Central states. Increases among nonwhite men were similar to those in white men for some causes of death (vascular lesions of the CNS and cancers of the pancreas and prostate), but were absent for others (lymphatic and hematopoietic system, lip, eye, kidney, and brain). Women (white and nonwhite) had excesses for vascular lesions of the CNS, disease of the genitourinary system (white women only), and cancers of the stomach and cervix (nonwhite women only). Cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx was slightly elevated among women, and white women had nonsignificant excesses of multiple myeloma and leukemia. Excesses for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurred among white men and women, but not among nonwhites. Excesses for several types of accidental deaths were seen among all race-sex groups.
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PMID:Cancer and other causes of death among male and female farmers from twenty-three states. 850 51

Most of mortality studies among steelworkers pointed out an increased frequency on cancer mortality, above all by lung cancer, and, in a lower proportion, by cancers of digestive and genitourinary systems. In Spain mortality rates are not published by occupation and economic activity to contrast these observations. It was carried out a proportionate mortality study among active or retired workers from an steel mill, Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, died from 1986 to 1993, to make a preliminary death risk assessment associated with job in the steel industry. A sample of 1553 men was drawn from the mortality register of a private Insurance Company. Death causes within the sample and in general population of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country were compared using a proportionate analysis. Mortality odds ratios (OR) were also computed. The results show an excess of cancer mortality (OR = 1.26, IC: 1.11-1.42), stomach cancer (OR = 1.50, IC: 1.14-1.98) and renal cancer (OR = 1.89; IC: 1.14-3.14) as it has been stated by other authors. It has not been found an increased mortality risk from lung cancer (OR = 1.13, IC: 0.91-1.40), bladder cancer (OR = 1.13, IC: 0.74-1.72) and chronic respiratory disease (OR = 0.94, IC: 0.73-1.20). There is also an excess of liver cancer (OR = 1.56, IC: 1.06-2.28) and cancer of non specified location (OR = 1.85, IC: 1.45-2.36). This can be due to classification bias that affects the study. On the other hand, these and other selection bias, discussed in this paper, could underestimate the lung cancer mortality. We can not conclude that, among the workers of the study, the mortality from several kind of cancer is not associated to occupational exposure. Furthermore, this excess of stomach and kidney cancer mortality may lead us to pose the hypothesis of cause-effect relationship with some not well identified carcinogens present at the steel working place.
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PMID:[Mortality among steel workers of the Basque Country]. 858 2

To obtain a relatively true mortality from malignant neoplasms, we studied the frequency of cancers in the different sites and the changing patterns of the frequency and sites over time among residents of the community of Hisayama, where an autopsy-based population survey (autopsy rate, 80%) has been conducted since 191. During the 30-year period from 1962 to 1991, we found 438 malignant neoplasms in 407 cases among 1,250 consecutive autopsies. Stomach cancer was not frequent in type of cancer, with 123 cases (9.8%), followed by lung cancer in 62 (5.0%), colorectal cancer in 42 (3.4%), liver cancer in 37 (3.0%), and pancreatic cancer in 30 (2.4%). We compared the mortality from cancers for both autopsy and nonautopsy cases (the proportional mortality) among three 10-year periods. The proportional mortality from all cancers, as well as for lung, colorectal, and liver cancers, showed an increase in recent years, while stomach and pancreatic cancer showed a decrease. These figures were nearly similar to the mortality statistics for the Japanese population as a whole except for the observed decreasing trend in mortality from pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:Malignant neoplasms in the Japanese community of Hisayama: mortality and changing pattern during a 30-year observation period based on a consecutive autopsy series. 859 10


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