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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Escalating healthcare costs have led employers to identify ways to assess the actual burden of disease among their employees. One such measure is the use of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were calculated for the General Motors (GM) population for 1994 through 1998 using data from GM's Mortality Registry, published life tables, and age- and sex-specific disease incidence and disability data from the U.S. Burden of Disease Study. Chronic diseases accounted for 45% (245,844 of 540,450) of total DALYs lost. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease led the list for both men and women and accounted for 39% and 31%, respectively, of the top 10 DALYs lost. Disease burden among employees could be reduced through targeted interventions aimed at the risk factors associated with the leading causes of DALYs.
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PMID:Assessing the burden of disease among an employed population: implications for employer-sponsored prevention programs. 1472 72

Plant polyphenols, a large group of natural antioxidants, are serious candidates in explanations of the protective effects of vegetables and fruits against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiologic studies are useful for evaluation of the human health effects of long-term exposure to physiologic concentrations of polyphenols, but reliable data on polyphenol contents of foods are still scarce. The aim of this review is to summarize available epidemiologic data on the health effects of polyphenols, focusing on the flavonoid subclasses of flavonols, flavones, and catechins and on lignans. Data obtained to date suggest beneficial effects of both flavonoids and lignans on cardiovascular diseases but not on cancer, with the possible exception of lung cancer. There is a need for more research on stroke and lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies to date have included only flavonols and flavones. With data becoming available for other polyphenols, these compounds should be included in future studies. Careful design of prospective studies is important to offset some of the major drawbacks of epidemiologic studies, including residual confounding (by smoking and other dietary factors) and exposure assessment.
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PMID:Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. 1564 Apr 97

Reports on Polish Health care system found that the evidence from systematic reviews and cost-effectiveness analyses is not sufficiently used in decision-making. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of reliable cost and other data collection in Poland to inform cost-effectiveness analysis of smoking cessation methods in Poland, which could be used to support decisions from the perspective of National Health Fund. In order to estimate long term effects of smoking cessation Markov model was built. Direct medical costs of the following smoking related diseases were sought: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, lung cancer and stroke. Analysis was performed from National Health Fund perspective. Published cost data were insufficient for the analysis, so an attempt was made to obtain cost data from National Insurance Fund, which was not very successful due to their lack. Mortality data were obtained from National Office of Statistics. Lung cancer incidence and mortality were obtained from national register. No registries systematically and routinely collecting incidence and prevalence data for other diseases were localized. No studies exploring utilities of Polish population in the analyzed health states were found. As no disease registries, except for cancer, systematically collecting epidemiologic data and no unified system of collecting cost data were found, less reliable data has to be used in cost-effectiveness analyses supporting the decisions in health care in Poland.
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PMID:[Determining the possibility of collecting reliable data for use in decision making in health care on the example of cost-effectiveness analysis of methods used in smoking cessation]. 1579 84

It has been demonstrated that 85% of all lung cancers are associated with previous or current smoking. A group of patients has been identified that is at a higher risk for lung cancer, stroke, and heart disease. This article reviews previous reports, current consensus statements, problems that are associated with current screening programs, and hopes for the future.
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PMID:Lung cancer screening. 1583 3

Individuals' social and economic circumstances, including socioeconomic status and medical care availability, are central to health outcomes, particularly for women. These factors are often mediated by governmental policies. This exploratory study found associations between women's health outcomes and state-level policies related to women's health. Outcomes were mortality rates for four leading causes of death for women in the US (heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and breast cancer), infant mortality, and a mental health outcome variable. State policies on key women's health issues were evaluated on the degree to which they adequately protected women's health. Our regression models accounted for significant variance in mortality rates and substantial variance in the mental health outcome. Policies affecting access to care (Medicaid eligibility and efforts to expand Medicaid) and community (environmental health tracking and violence against women) were significantly associated with mortality outcomes. State health policies should be examined further for their relationship to health outcomes.
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PMID:Relating health policy to women's health outcomes. 1602 76

The etiology and mechanisms of stroke could differ in cancer compared to non-cancer patients due to altered blood coagulability and/or non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). These conditions could be either missed by using inappropriate diagnostic methods or misinterpreted. For instance, certain techniques (transthoracic echocardiography, TTE) may provide false-negative results and delay appropriate therapy. On the other hand, these patients, by having atypical findings, may challenge the differential between bacterial and sterile valvular heart disease. Cerebrovascular disease in cancer patients is often aggressive with tendency to recurrent events and rapid neurological devastation. Timely diagnosis is crucial. Current treatment approach to NBTE includes anticoagulation. We report a case of multiple embolic strokes in a patient diagnosed with lung cancer. Primary and secondary stroke prevention is discussed with relevant review of the literature.
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PMID:Recurrent embolic strokes and cardiac valvular disease in a patient with non-small cell adenocarcinoma of lung. 1631 56

Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence correlates current levels of ambient air pollution with both respiratory and cardiovascular effects. Oxidative stress, inflammation, induction of a pro-coagulatory state and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system appear to play a major role. Acute effects include changes in lung function, heart rate, blood pressure and inflammatory state, and clinical measures such as respiratory symptoms, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, stroke, and death. In addition, there is an increase in the use of health care resources due to these effects. Long-term consequences of cumulated exposure include adverse effects on lung growth, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and probably the development of asthma and atherosclerosis. These morbidities ultimately lead to shorter life expectancy. Host factors including genotype are important modifiers of the effects of air pollution. Further research will help identify susceptible subgroups and disentangle specific effects and mechanisms associated with various constituents and sources of air pollution.
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PMID:Air pollution: from lung to heart. 1651 5

Aspirin and other NSAIDs have a potential role in the primary and secondary prevention of many common diseases associated with aging, including the top two causes of mortality in the United States-cardiovascular disease and cancer. These agents may be beneficial in the management of Alzheimer's disease,other forms of dementia, and Parkinson's. disease. Because men with prostate cancer or precancer are likely to present with coexisting conditions that would be affected by systemic aspirin, NSAID, or other COX-2 inhibitor therapies, it is important to consider any possible preventive studies or future clinical recommendations of aspirin or NSAIDs for prostate cancer within the context of these comorbid conditions. Aspirin or nonaspirin NSAIDs may be appropriate prevention therapy for patients at high risk of prostate cancer, myocardial infarction, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, lung cancer, or colorectal cancer, but low risk for gastrointestinal complications or stroke. Further quantitative comparative studies of the risks and benefits of these common comorbidities in older Americans, with special attention to dose and duration parameters, are warranted.
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PMID:The epidemiology of prostate cancer--with a focus on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 1686 Nov 15

The aims of this study were to review experiences with national or statewide smoke-free workplace legislation and data on the occurrence of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at work, to present the best estimates for health effects related to workplace ETS exposure, and to calculate corresponding population attributable fractions (PAFs) for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases for 14 European countries and the USA. Systematic searches of the Medline database were carried out, with a cut-off date of November 2005. PAFs for the main outcomes were calculated from the best disease-specific effect estimates and country-specific prevalences of work ETS exposure. Significant numbers of workers are exposed to ETS at work, i.e. approximately 7.5 million workers in 15 European Union countries and 24.6 million in the USA. Workplace ETS exposure is causally linked to lung cancer and coronary heart disease, and is related to an increased risk of asthma in adults and reduced birthweight in newborns. Relatively strong evidence links ETS exposure to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke. PAFs in Europe and the USA showed that, at current workplace ETS exposure prevalences, the public health impact is substantial. Experience of national and statewide smoke-free workplace legislation from different countries shows that such legislation leads to significant reductions in employees' environmental tobacco smoke exposure at work, as well as improvements in respiratory and cardiac health.
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PMID:Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention. 1688 Mar 70

Since the London fog of 1952, in which more than 4000 people were killed in 4 days, the combined efforts of scientists from several disciplines, including those from the environmental health, clinical and biomedical disciplines, have raised serious concerns about the impact of air pollutants on human health. These environmental pollutants are rapidly being recognized as important and independent risk factors for several diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and stroke. Although the relative effects of particulate matter air pollution (aerodynamic diameter <10 microm, or PM(10)) are greater for respiratory than for cardiovascular deaths, the number of deaths attributable to PM(10) is much larger for cardiovascular than for respiratory reasons due to the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the general population. This review summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the associations between PM(10) exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:The pharmacology of particulate matter air pollution-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. 1692 Jan 97


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