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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cigarette smoking remains the primary cause of preventable death and morbidity in the United States. Smoking causes lung cancer, COPD, and CHD and contributes significantly to mortality from other conditions such as stroke. Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes low birthweight and perinatal mortality, and it may have lasting impact on the child's physical and cognitive growth. Passive exposure to ETS causes lung cancer and poses particular danger to the respiratory health of young children. Smoking cessation strategies are important, but the should be supplemented by community and policy-level interventions. Workplace or community smoking bans, statewide taxes on tobacco, and antismoking media campaigns may be effective adjuncts to individual cessation strategies. These strategies may be an even more important disincentive to smoking initiation. The expanding horizon of health consequences of smoking and its costs to American society should again challenge public health agencies to develop and implement effective strategies to prevent smoking acquisition by young people. These health effects should also motivate health professionals in other countries where smoking prevalence is increasing, rather than decreasing, to initiate more effective efforts to reverse this trend and minimize the excess morbidity and death that accompany this dangerous habit.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking and health. American Thoracic Society. 856 46

The application of current knowledge and technology could dramatically improve the survival rate in both lung cancer and COPD, even before physicians and other health workers are finally able to convince the population that both personal and environmental smoke must be eliminated to begin to reduce the premature morbidity and mortality from lung cancer, airflow obstruction, and other smoking-related diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
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PMID:Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 863 8

The detailed mortality and morbidity statistics on smoking tend to conceal the overall impact of the habit on health. About 3 million people die each year from smoking in economically developed countries, half of them before the age of 70. Cancers of eight sites are recognized as being caused by smoking--lung cancer almost entirely and the others (upper respiratory, bladder, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, leukaemia) to a substantial extent. Six other potentially fatal diseases are also judged to be caused by smoking: respiratory heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, stroke, pneumonia, aortic aneurysm and ischaemic heart disease, the most common cause of death in economically developed countries. Non-fatal diseases, such as peripheral vascular disease, cataracts, hip fracture, and periodontal disease, which cause appreciable disability, cost and inconvenience are also caused by smoking. In pregnancy, smoking increases the risk of limb reduction defects, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight. While there are some diseases for which smoking shows a protective effect, the 'benefits' of these are negligible in relation to the illness and premature mortality caused by smoking. About 20% of all deaths in developed countries are caused by smoking; an enormous human cost which can be completely avoided.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking: an epidemiological overview. 874 92

Reported Relative Risks associated with smoking differ between studies; these differences may reflect true biological differences between populations or may be research artifacts introduced by differences in factors such as amount smoked or smoking duration. The authors reviewed the literature published before June 1992 on relative risks associated with smoking for heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease. They quantified the effect of variables such as age, amount smoked, and smoking duration on reported relative risks. The main reasons for the variation in reported relative risks were: misclassification of former smokers as never smokers, the use of mortality rate ratios rather than incidence rate ratios, a possible period effect suggesting increasing relative risks over time, and differences in the amounts smoked. It is far more likely that these factors are responsible for the observed variation between studies than that the variations reflect true biological differences between populations. Using relative risks from other studies is therefore justified in calculating a population attributable risk if the studies are carefully selected and address factors such as amount smoked and period effects.
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PMID:Differences between studies in reported relative risks associated with smoking: an overview. 883 30

The object was to model and project utilization of hospital in-patient days for selected diseases in The Netherlands. We used sex- and age-specific standardized monthly utilization of hospital in-patient days during 1980-90 for lung cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and pneumonia. These data were supplied by the Health Care Information Centre (Stichting Informatiecentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg). We applied Box-Jenkins time-series analysis seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average (SARIMA) models. Estimated models are tested by considering the Portmanteau test and the Akaike information criterion. SARIMA models give an adequate representation of hospital-in-patient-days utilization for the major sex and age classes of most selected diseases. Poor modelling results are obtained for diabetes in all sex and age groups and in elderly women with coronary heart disease or with stroke. Seasonality is an important factor in most of the models that we have estimated, particularly for utilization of pneumonia and stroke patients. The major trends in standardized in-patient days are downward, and projected 1995 levels of standardized utilization are below the 1990 levels for all the selected diseases. Population-based projections for 1995 are lower than the 1990 projections only for lung cancer and diabetes. The adequacy of the SARIMA models appears to be sensitive with respect to the parameter in the Portmanteau test. We discuss two possible explanatory developments for in-patient-days utilization: (i) developments in the provision of hospital care, and (ii) epidemiological developments. The selected diseases showed a decreasing mean duration of stay in 1980-90. Only for coronary heart disease did a rise in discharges in the same period outweigh this trend. We assessed contrasts between published epidemiological developments and the trends in in-patient-days utilization. Possible explanations concern shifts from in-patient to out-patient care and changes in treatment. Finally, complementary to our SARIMA models, the investigation of future in-patient days utilization by means of scenario analytic approaches remains important.
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PMID:Projecting utilization of hospital in-patient days in The Netherlands: a time-series analysis. 891 56

Every ten years, information from the decennial census is used together with national death registration data to study socio-economic differences in mortality. This article reports the findings of one of the analyses prepared for the latest decennial supplement. This volume is due for publication late in 1997. Over 175,000 deaths of men aged 20-64 in England and Wales were analysed using the Registrar General's Social Class (based on occupation) schema. The social gradient in all-cause mortality observed in earlier decades is still seen in 1991-93. In absolute terms, there has been a fall in mortality rates in England and Wales over the twenty-year period 1970-72 to 1991-93. This is reflected in the falls in mortality rates for each of the social classes I to IV over the two decades. In contrast, the mortality rate of Social Class V rose in the early 1980s. Since then, it has fallen. However, it is still higher than in the early 1970s. Trends in mortality show a relative widening of social differentials developing over this period. This is true for all-cause mortality and for the specific causes investigated in this article. Mortality is almost three times higher in Social Class V (SMR 189) than in Social Class I (SMR 66). Classes IIIM and IV (SMRs 117, 116 respectively) have nearly double the mortality of Class I. Even larger differentials are observed for stroke, lung cancer and suicide.
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PMID:Current patterns and trends in male mortality by social class (based on occupation). 898 94

The interum results of a multicenter study on extended segmentectomy for small lung tumors and the results reported by Lung Cancer Study Group are discussed. The multi-center study was started in 1992. The inclusion criterium was the presence of a peripheral tumor of less than 2 cm in diameter on chest X-ray films. Seventy three patients were initially enlisted for the study, but 18 patients underwent lobectomy instead because of various reasons such as true or false-positive N1 or N2 disease. The remaining 55 patients were enrolled in this study. The lymph nodes around the segmental and lobar bronchi were examined during operation using fronzen section. Dissection or sampling of the mediastinal lymph nodes was documented. The amount of lung tissues resected was actually more than one segment, because the resection line far entered the adjacent one. Five patients died; one due to local recurrence, known to have the close resection line to the tumor and one of acute myocardial infarction, one of cerebral stroke, one for esophageal cancer and one due to pulmonary metastases on the non-affected side, with no evidence of local recurrence except the first patients. The interim results suggest that the extended segmentectomy is suitable for patients with N0 small tumors.
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PMID:[Extended segmentectomy for small lung cancer]. 904 15

Spirometry can predict lung health and monitor disease and response to therapy. This noninvasive test can and should be done regularly by primary care providers. It can identify patients at risk for lung cancer as well as heart attack and stroke. Patients with abnormal spirometric findings can be warned that airflow obstruction has begun, which may provide the motivation to quit smoking. Abnormal spirometry measurements correlate with all-cause mortality. Approaches to early diagnosis of lung cancer continue to expand. For example, use of the new fluorescent bronchoscope can increase diagnostic accuracy in lung cancer by highlighting lesions that are malignant or likely to be malignant. For now, however, identification of airflow obstruction with spirometry and follow-up with sputum cytology provide the widest benefit.
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PMID:The predictive value of spirometry. Identifying patients at risk for lung cancer in the primary care setting. 907 54

Since Canadian seniors are living longer, their proportion of the general population is getting increasingly larger. This paper focuses on presenting the leading causes of death and hospitalization in seniors (aged 65 and over), examining interprovincial differences and comparing trends from one decade to another. Although both mortality and hospitalization rates for coronary heart disease were found to be stable or falling during the past couple of decades, it remains the leading cause of death and hospitalization for both sexes. Lung cancer; stroke; chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma; pneumonia; and accidental falls are some of the other major causes of death and/or hospitalization in seniors.
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PMID:Major causes of death and hospitalization in Canadian seniors. 907 53

Cigarette smoking has been clearly and unambiguously identified as a direct cause of cancers of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, larynx, lung, bladder, kidney and leukaemia, especially acute myeloid leukaemia. Additionally, cigarette smoking is a direct cause of ischaemic heart disease (the commonest cause of death in western countries), respiratory heart disease, aortic aneurysm, chronic obstructive lung disease, stroke, pneumonia and cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. Cigarette smoking can kill in 24 different ways and, although smoking protects against several fatal and non-fatal conditions, the adverse effect of smoking on health is largely negative. In developed countries as a whole, tobacco is responsible for 24% of all male deaths and 7% of all female deaths: these figures rise to over 40% in men in some countries of central and eastern Europe and to 17% in women in the United States. The average loss of life of smokers is 8 years. Among United Kingdom doctors followed for 40 years, overall death rates in middle age were about three times higher among doctors who smoked cigarettes as among doctors who had never smoked regularly. About half of all regular cigarette smokers will eventually be killed by their habit. The important information is that it is never too late to stop smoking: among United Kingdom doctors who stopped smoking, even in middle age, there was a substantial improvement in life expectancy. World-wide, smoking is killing three million people each year and this figure is increasing. In most countries the worst is yet to come, since by the time the young smokers of today reach middle or old age there will be about 10 million deaths/year from tobacco. Approximately 500 million individuals alive today can expect to be killed by tobacco, 250 million of these deaths will occur in middle age. Tobacco is already the biggest cause of adult death in developed countries. Over the next few decades tobacco could well become the biggest cause of adult death in the world. For men in developed countries, the full effects of smoking can already be seen. Tobacco now causes one-third of all male deaths in middle age (plus one fifth in old age). Tobacco is a cause of about half of all male cancer deaths in middle age (plus one-third in old age). Of those who start smoking in their teenage years and keep on smoking, about half will be killed by tobacco. Half of these deaths will be in middle age (35-69) and each will lose an average of 20-25 years of non-smoker life expectancy. In non-smokers in many countries, cancer mortality is decreasing slowly and total mortality rapidly. The war against cancer is being won slowly: the effects of cigarette smoking are holding back this victory. Lung cancer now kills more women in the United States each year than breast cancer. For women in developed countries, the peak of the tobacco epidemic has not yet arrived. Tobacco now causes almost one-third of all deaths in women in middle age in the United States. Although it has only 5% of the world's female population, the United States has 50% of the world's deaths from smoking in women. Tobacco smoking is a major cause of premature death. Throughout Europe, in 1990 tobacco smoking caused three quarters of a million deaths in middle age (between 35 and 69). In the Member States of the European Union in 1990 there were over one quarter of a million deaths in middle age directly caused by tobacco smoking: there were 219700 in men and 31900 in women. There were many more deaths caused by tobacco at older ages. In countries of central and eastern Europe, including the former USSR, there were 441200 deaths in middle age in men and 42100 deaths in women. There is a need for urgent action to help contain this important and unnecessary loss of life. In formulating Recommendations, the European Cancer Experts Consensus Committee recognised that Tobacco Control depends on various parts of society and not only on the individual.
Lung Cancer 1997 May
PMID:Cancer, cigarette smoking and premature death in Europe: a review including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996. 919 26


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