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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the latter part of a large hospital case-control study of the relationship of type of cigarette smoked to risk of various smoking-associated diseases, patients answered questions on the smoking habits of their first spouse and on the extent of passive smoke exposure at home, at work, during travel and during leisure. In an extension of this study an attempt was made to obtain smoking habit data directly from the spouses of all lifelong non-smoking lung cancer cases and of two lifelong non-smoking matched controls for each case. The attempt was made regardless of whether the patients had answered passive smoking questions in hospital or not. Amongst lifelong non-smokers, passive smoking was not associated with any significant increase in risk of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, ischaemic heart disease or stroke in any analysis. Limitations of past studies on passive smoking are discussed and the need for further research underlined. From all the available evidence, it appears that any effect of passive smoke on risk of any of the major diseases that have been associated with active smoking is at most small, and may not exist at all.
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PMID:Relationship of passive smoking to risk of lung cancer and other smoking-associated diseases. 373 Feb 59

We investigated the relation of psychosocial risk factors to mortality in a prospective study of 1353 inhabitants of Crvenka, 619 of whom died between 1966 and 1976. All 38 lung cancer deaths occurred in those with high scores for rationality and antiemotionality (R/A), a factor related to suppression of aggression. Compared with lower R/A, high R/A was also associated with a relative risk of mortality of 29 for other cancer, 4.3 for ischaemic heart disease and 6.5 for stroke. Standardising for R/A reduced the smoking/lung cancer association, virtually eliminated the smoking/other cancer and smoking/heart disease relationships and reduced the association of heart disease with blood cholesterol, blood sugar and hypertension. Long lasting hopelessness was also independently associated with cancer as was anger with heart disease, though not so strongly as for R/A. Psychosocial variables are important predictors of mortality and decisively modify the effect of physical risk factors such as smoking.
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PMID:Psychosocial factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: the Yugoslav prospective study. 400 17

A cohort of 5,477 male Japanese physicians was studied to examine the relationship between smoking habits and mortalities from cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke over 12.7 years. The logistic regression analysis based on proportional hazard models was used for statistical assessment. The risks of both lung cancer and CHD were strongly associated with smoking habits in terms of the number of cigarettes smoked per day, inhalation level and age at starting to smoke. These associations were not influenced by the effect of drinking habits. However, the risk increment of lung cancer due to cigarette smoking was fairly small as compared with the data from other studies of male Caucasians. A statistically significant association was observed between upper aerodigestive cancer and cigarette smoking. But this relationship became insignificant after adjustment for drinking habits, and the risk of heavy smokers was drastically reduced. No clear association was noted between smoking and mortalities from gastric cancer and stroke.
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PMID:Smoking and mortalities from cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke in male Japanese physicians. 404 30

In a case control study of over 12 000 inpatients aged 35-74, risk of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and, particularly in those aged 35-54, ischaemic heart disease was positively associated with the number of manufactured cigarettes smoked daily and was negatively associated with long term giving up. Risk of stroke was not clearly related to smoking. Among manufactured cigarette smokers, lung cancer risk tended to be lowest in those who had always smoked filter cigarettes. This pattern was, however, evident only in men who additionally smoked pipes, cigars or handrolled cigarettes and in women, not being seen in men who smoked only manufactured cigarettes. Risk of lung cancer was not clearly related to time of switch to filter cigarettes. A markedly lower risk of chronic bronchitis was seen in men, but not women, who smoked filter rather than plain cigarettes. Heart disease risk did not vary by type of cigarette smoked 10 years before admission, but, compared with those who had never smoked filter cigarettes, those who had ever smoked filter cigarettes had a higher risk in men and a lower risk in younger women. Compared with the general population, markedly more controls were ex-smokers, suggesting incipient disease, whether or not smoking related, may alter smoking habits, thus affecting the interpretability of the findings. Control smokers were also relatively much more likely to report smoking plain cigarettes than expected. This comparison, not made in other studies relating risk to type of cigarette smoked, indicates that great care must be taken in verifying validity of reported smoking habits. While our findings are compatible with other evidence that risk of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis is probably reduced by switching from plain to filter cigarettes, they underline the difficulties in obtaining valid evidence from epidemiological studies.
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PMID:Risks of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke in relation to type of cigarette smoked. 408 57

Seven hundred and thirty five patients who underwent elective vagotomy and drainage procedures in one hospital during 1957-67 were followed up until 1 September 1982. At this time 281 were dead compared with an expected 184. This gives a ratio of observed to expected deaths of 1.53 (p less than 0.0001). The most important cause of increased mortality was lung cancer, which accounted for 33 of the excess deaths (observed to expected ratio 3.53). Gastric cancer yielded an observed to expected ratio of 3.3. Other causes of death that were significantly more common than expected were cerebrovascular accident, bronchopneumonia, and colorectal cancer. It is concluded that although gastric cancer occurs more commonly after vagotomy and drainage than in the general population, it is not as important a cause of death as diseases related to smoking.
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PMID:Late mortality after vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer. 642 47

A 10-year prospective study of Hawaii Japanese males with partial gastrectomy shows that the age-adjusted mortality rates in men with partial gastrectomy were slightly higher than in those with an intact stomach, but the difference failed to achieve statistical significance. This excess of mortality is due, in part, to excess smoking by men who had ulcers of the stomach. Although death due to stroke and lung cancer showed the most substantial deviations from the base population, this can be attributed only in part to the tendency of men with these diseases to be smokers. Other factors, possibly related to nutrition, also contribute to the increased risk of mortality from these diseases. Death from coronary heart disease, an illness with a substantial association with smoking in men with an intact stomach was less frequent in men with gastrectomy but the difference was not statistically significant. It would appear that men with partial gastrectomy had other characteristics that weakened the impact of smoking upon coronary disease risk--low blood pressure, low serum cholesterol, low body weight and increased alcohol consumption.
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PMID:Late mortality after partial gastrectomy. 649 Mar

Age-adjusted mortality rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) and other causes were examined in Minnesota for the years 1960-1978. Regions differed in CHD mortality levels and time trends. The greatest decline in CHD mortality occurred in the Twin Cities. The Northeast region had the highest CHD mortality. Influenza and pneumonia death rates were unrelated to CHD trends. Stroke mortality, which also declined sharply, showed no regional differences. Cancer mortality was highest in the Twin Cities and Northeast regions and increased significantly over the period; most of this increase was due to a striking increase in lung cancer mortality. The authors conclude that: (1) the CHD mortality decline in Minnesota was similar to that in the United States; (2) regional differences within the state in CHD mortality levels and trends were statistically significant; (3) CHD trends were not explained by influenza epidemics; (4) regions differed in mortality rates for hypertension in the same way as they did in CHD mortality, but differed little in stroke mortality. This leaves unclear the role of hypertension in regional CHD differences. (5) Trends in cancer mortality indicate that a general decline in mortality, due to factors affecting a wide variety of diseases does not explain the downward trends in CHD mortality.
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PMID:Cardiovascular mortality trends in Minnesota, 1960-1978. The Minnesota Heart Survey. 671 96

A mortality study of workers employed for at least one year between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1975 at oil distribution centres from three oil companies in Britain has been carried out. Ninety nine per cent of the population were successfully traced to determine their vital status at 31 December 1975. The mortality observed in the study population was compared with that which would be expected from the mortality rates for all the male population of England and Wales. The overall mortality observed was considerably lower than expected on this basis as was the mortality from stroke, hypertensive disease, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The observed number of deaths from all neoplasms was also much less than expected as were the observed deaths from lung cancer. The observed deaths from ischaemic heart disease approximately equalled those expected overall and in each of the companies, however, and there was no evidence of a "healthy worker effect" for this disease group. The ratio of observed over expected deaths from ischaemic heart disease tended to decrease with increasing age at death, and for most of the job groups overall, the observed and expected deaths were about the same. Raised mortality patterns from ischaemic heart disease were found in several subgroups of the population of one company. Mortality from myelofibrosis and diseases of the lymphatic and haematopoietic tissue was slightly raised overall. Only myelofibrosis showed an overall excess but raised mortality was found in subgroups of the population defined by company, job, and length of service in several of the other neoplasms making up this disease group. The numbers of deaths from these causes were all small, making it difficult to exclude chance effects. Further work would be required to ascertain whether these results are due to an occupational factor and if so to identify the physical or chemical nature of the risk.
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PMID:Epidemiological survey of oil distribution centres in Britain. 687 Nov 23

When individuals are confronted with a diagnosis of serious disease, they try to understand why it has happened to them. The degree to which any individual can control his or her susceptibility to disease is not clear, but different diseases carry with them varying degrees of implied personal responsibility. For example, certain diseases (heart attack, stroke, cancer) have associated risk factors. Presumably, avoiding these risk factors will have some effect on a person's chance of developing those diseases. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to describe patients' attributed causes for two groups of individuals recently diagnosed with either lung cancer or myocardial infarction. Content analysis was done on the responses to an open-ended question about the cause of their disease for 108 subjects at Interview 1 and for 100 subjects at Interview 2. The most frequent causal explanations given by post myocardial infarction subjects in this study were related to life style, which could be interpreted as self-blame or self responsibility for what had happened to them. In contrast, the subjects with lung cancer more consistently said that they did not know what caused their disease, or mentioned a combination of life style (smoking) and external factors (exposure to noxious fumes or asbestos).
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PMID:Causal attribution and life-threatening disease. 716 63

A mortality study of workers employed for at least one year between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1975 at eight oil refineries in Britain has been carried out. Over 99% of the population were successfully traced to determine their vital status at 31 December 1975. The mortality observed in the study population was compared with that which would be expected from the mortality rates for the all male population of England and Wales, and Scotland, with adjustment for regional variation in mortality for the English and Welsh refineries. The overall mortality observed was considerably lower than that expected on this basis, as was the mortality from heart disease, stroke, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The observed number of deaths from all neoplasms was also very much less than expected, a result almost entirely due to a large deficit of observed deaths from lung cancer. Raised mortality patterns were found in several refineries for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum, although no location was consistently high for all these causes of death. Different year-of-entry cohorts and job groups were also affected. In general, mortality from these causes increased as length of service and interval from starting work increased. There were also significantly more observed deaths than expected from cancer of the nasal cavities and sinus, and melanoma. Further work is required to ascertain whether these are due to an occupational factor and, if so, to identify the physical or chemical nature of the risk.
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PMID:An epidemiological survey of eight oil refineries in Britain. 727 34


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