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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A previous retrospective mortality study of 292 U.S. cadmium production workers employed for a minimum of 2 years showed increased mortality from respiratory and prostate cancer and from nonmalignant lung disease. To examine further the mortality experience of these workers, investigators from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health extended the study to include 602 white males with at least 6 months of production work in the same plant between 1940 and 1969. Vital status was determined through 1978, which included the addition of 5 years to the original follow-up. Cause-specific mortality rates for seven causes of death potentially related to cadmium exposure were compared between the overall cohort and U.S. white males and between subgroups. Mortality from respiratory cancer and from nonmalignant gastrointestinal disease was significantly greater among the cadmium workers than would have been expected from U.S. rates. All deaths from lung cancer occurred among workers employed for 2 or more years. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between lung cancer mortality and cumulative exposure to cadmium. A 50% increase in lung cancer mortality, which was not statistically significant, was observed even among workers whose cumulative exposure to cadmium was between 41 and 200 micrograms/m3 over 40 years. Since the previous investigation, no new deaths from prostate cancer and no excess of deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease have been observed.
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PMID:Mortality among a cohort of U.S. cadmium production workers--an update. 385 46

A cohort study of 14179 current and former Chevron USA employees at the Richmond and El Segundo, California, refineries was conducted. The cohort consisted of everyone working at either refinery for a minimum of one year. The observed mortality of the cohort, by cause, was compared with the expected based on the United States mortality rates, standardised for age, race, sex, and calendar time. Analyses by refinery, job category, hire date, duration of employment, and latency were performed. For the entire cohort, mortality from all causes was 72.4% of that expected, a deficit that was statistically significant. In addition, a significantly lower mortality was found for all forms of cancer combined, digestive cancer, lung cancer, heart disease, non-malignant respiratory disease, diseases of the digestive system, and accidents. Only lymphopoietic cancer showed a pattern of increased risk suggestive of a possible relation to an occupational exposure. The excess appears confined to cancer of lymphatic tissue (not leukaemias) at Richmond, and only among those hired before 1948. A follow up case analysis of the deaths from lymphatic cancer failed to identify a common exposure pattern.
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PMID:An epidemiological study of petroleum refinery employees. 394 63

Several recent studies (animal and human) have suggested an association between lung cancer and silica exposure. To test the hypothesis, we have studied death benefit records of 1,905 members of the Granite Cutters Union. A proportionate mortality analysis (PMR) was conducted, using U.S. deaths as a comparison population. Statistically (PMR) was conducted, using U.S. deaths as a comparison population. Statistically significant excesses were observed for death from nonmalignant respiratory significant excesses were observed for death from nonmalignant respiratory disease (largely silicosis) (183 obs, 43.7 exp) and for tuberculosis (largely silicotuberculosis) (262 obs, 19.3 exp). Other significant excesses were observed for bone cancer (6 obs, 1.9 exp) and arthritis (5 obs, 1.5 exp). A significant decrease was observed for leukemia (5 obs, 13.0 exp). For lung cancer a slight but nonsignificant excess was observed (97 obs, 81.1 exp, PMR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.97-1.46). A proportionate cancer mortality analysis (PCMR) showed similar results for lung cancer (PCMR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.89-1.33). Lung cancer mortality also failed to show any trend with either calendar time or duration of exposure. Although no significant excess of lung cancer was observed for the entire silica-exposed cohort, there was an indication that those who were silicotic had an excess risk of lung cancer, based on a review of contributing causes on the death certificate.
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PMID:A proportionate mortality study of granite cutters. 396

Cigarette production and consumption patterns in Bangladesh were examined and the health, nutritional, and economic consequences of these patterns was assessed. Consumption of cigarettes and biri, hand-made tobacco rolls, is increasing. Annual per capita consumption of cigarettes, taking into account all males and females over the age of 15, is 350 cigarettes. Previously conducted surveys of 2 villages indicated that 67% of the males and 1% of the females, over the age of 15, smoked 1 or more cigarettes or biri each day. Smoking is more prevalent among younger aged adults than among older aged adults. Cigarette smoking is promoted as a status symbol and is widely advertised. Most of the cigarettes and biri sold in Bangladesh are locally produced. Each month approximately 1500 million cigarettes and 3000 million biri are produced. 57% of all commercially produced cigarettes are manufactured by 1 company, which is affilated with the British American Tobacco interest group. Biri are generally produced in cottage industries. Cigarette production is expected to increase by 40% between 1980-1985. The cigarette industry is not labor intensive and it provides only a small number of jobs for the population. 123,000 acres of land are currently devoted to the production of tobacco. This constitutes a serious loss of land which might otherwise be used to raise needed rice. It is estimated that the annual rice production loss attributable to the use of land to raise tobacco is equal to 1/2 of the country's yearly food grain deficit. Food must be imported to make up this deficit, but the poor of Bangladesh cannot afford the cost of imported food. As a result cigarette production has a negative impact on the nutritional status of the poor. Furthermore, among the poor, who must spend the vast majority of their income on food, the purchase of cigarettes reduces the amount of money available for purchasing food. Despite the low life expectancy extant in Bangladesh, lung cancer is already the 3rd most common form of cancer among the male population. The rate of chronic and acute respiratory disease is high and smoking probably aggravates these conditions. Policies, aimed at altering the trend toward increased cigarette consumption, are clearly needed.
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PMID:Smoking, health, and survival: prospects in Bangladesh. 611 56

In Israel, since the 1950s, at least several thousand workers, their wives and children, and possibly many others, have been or still may be exposed to hazardous amounts of airborne asbestos fibers. These are found both in asbestos-based industries (asbestos cement, textiles and brake linings) and trades with asbestos exposure (construction, shipyard repair, boiler maintenance, insulation work). These people are at increased risk for disability or illness, or for premature death from asbestosis, from lung cancer, from exacerbation of preexisting respiratory disease (especially if they smoke), from mesothelioma, from gastrointestinal cancer, and from other malignancies. Although there has been progress, much still has to be done in the areas of legislation, standard setting, exposure control, technology, surveillance, smoking cessation, and medical care and follow-up. Compensation is needed to care for those workers currently or previously exposed, as well as for their families and others at risk. A national policy for protecting and caring for those formerly or currently exposed is indicated by the review of the situation in Israel.
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PMID:Asbestos exposure in Israel: findings, issues and needs. 636 66

All deaths between 1968 and 1979 from 26 foundries were studied to determine whether exposure to nickel/chromium resulted in an increased rate of any cause-specific mortality. The mortality experience of 851 foundrymen exposed to nickel/chromium was compared to that of 141 unexposed foundrymen. No nasal cancers were found. The exposed subgroup had a slightly lower proportion of cancer deaths, including lung cancer, and a slightly higher rate of nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths compared with the unexposed subgroup. Length of exposure was not significantly related to any of the selected cause-specific proportional mortality rates after adjusting for age, length of employment, and race. Standardized comparisons with the 1974 United States mortality patterns indicated that the total numbers of lung cancer and all cancer deaths were not significantly different from expected values for these exposed foundrymen, although there was an excess of lung cancer deaths among white males aged 65-99. These lung cancer rates followed an increasing trend with increasing length of foundry employment, although the trend was not statistically significant. However, this pattern does suggest that the excess of lung cancer deaths may be associated with length of foundry employment rather than exposure to nickel/chromium. There was a significant excess of respiratory system disease deaths among exposed workers associated with length of foundry employment, regardless of exposure to nickel/chromium. When all malignant and nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths are combined, there is no evidence of an increased risk associated with exposure to nickel/chromium.
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PMID:Mortality patterns among nickel/chromium alloy foundry workers. 653 96

Accurate prevalence and incidence figures do not exist on a global basis, yet available data suggest that acute respiratory infections in children represent a problem of enormous magnitude. World Health Organization (WHO) data from 88 countries representing 1/4 of the world's population indicate that there are over 666,000 deaths annual from acute respiratory infections. Assuming that nonreporting countries have similar mortality rates, it can be calculated that there are at least 2.2 million deaths from acute respiratory infections throughout the world each year. Despite the enormity of the problem, relatively little is known about the factors that contribute to these deaths in children or adults, or about the extent to which they are due to unusual severity of the disease, lack of access to the health care system, and institutional or social factors. The causative agents are unknown. More knowledge is needed to mount an effective program for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections. In Costa Rica mortality from this disease is 12 times higher in malnourished infants than in those of normal weight. Data from Papua, New Guinea indicate that Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae are common etiologic agents. More data of this kind are needed from different countries. Also needed is information on the availability and use of adequate medical care. People in developed countries run a greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases than do people in developing countries, but the chances of dying from acute respiratory infections generally exceed those of dying from lung cancer or cardiovascular disease in the developing countries. When evaluating the seriousness of a public health problem it is important to consider the number of years of life that have been lost as well as morbidity and mortality. If there are 2.2 million deaths in the world from acute respiratory infections in children under the age of 1 year, then each year there are almost 200 million death years lost because of acute respiratory infections in the world. Thus, on a global scale acute respiratory infections represent a public health problem of greater magnitude than either heart disease or cancer. The fact that the annual WHO budget for heart disease is at least 50 times higher than the budget for all forms of respiratory disease represents seriously misplaced priorities. Properly organized research programs into the etiologic agents involved in acute respiratory infection, together with data collection on other contributing factors, are required so that effective prevention and treatment programs can be initiated.
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PMID:Acute respiratory infections in children. A global public-health problem. 670 Jun 93

Concerns engendered by inappropriate extrapolation from rat intracavitary cancer experiments stimulated the initiation of new retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF). The results of these new studies have confirmed those of previous investigations that MMVF exposure had not caused an increased risk to develop lung cancer or nonmalignant respiratory disease. In contrast to the high pathogenic potential of MMVF (thin long fibers) when injected into the body cavities of rats, the pulmonary reaction of rodents inhaling such fibers has been that of a nuisance-type dust. The results of new experimental inhalation studies have not yet been published. In vitro studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity of thin long MMVF. Although there is a parallelism between the in vitro cytotoxicity results of MMVF and those of the in vivo intracavitary carcinogenesis studies with the same fibers, it is difficult to attach significance to this parallelism insofar as man is concerned because the rat intracavitary carcinogenesis results have no relevance to man.
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PMID:Man-made vitreous fibers: present status of research on health effects. 674 90

The mortality due to respiratory disease was studied in France between 1970 and 1974 as well as in seven other countries in the European Economic Community. The French results were presented as an index of mortality by cause of death, enabling a comparison of the mortality in different groups of the population. Data was supplied for 7 diagnostic groups defined according to List A of the International Classification of Diseases. The population studied consisted of men and women between 15 to 64 years, classified according to residence (urban or rural) and profession (agricultural worker or not). In addition the indices of mortality for farmers or agricultural employees were compared to men of the same social class, for the same period. The comparisons between the urban and the rural background revealed an excess mortality for respiratory tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema and asthma for those in urban areas. In the rural environment an excess mortality was noted for acute respiratory diseases in both men and women; this was also found comparing agricultural to non-agricultural workers. Lastly, if one compared agricultural and non-agricultural workers of the same social class, deaths due to acute and chronic respiratory infections were higher in the agricultural workers. These results show the relative importance already stressed in other studies, of acute respiratory diseases in agricultural workers.
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PMID:[Mortality from respiratory diseases among agricultural and non-agricultural workers in France from 1970 to 1974]. 684 89

The purpose of this study was to investigate mortality patterns of aluminum reduction plant workers. A cohort was formed of 21,829 workers with five or more years employment in 14 reduction plants. Progress of the study was reported quarterly to a Tripartite Committee consisting of representatives from labor, management and government. Although the results of other studies relative to an excess of lung cancer in aluminum workers were not confirmed, there were indications of a higher than expected mortality in pancreatic cancer, lymphohematopoietic cancers, genitourinary cancer, nonmalignant respiratory disease and benign and unspecified neoplasms.
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PMID:Mortality studies of aluminum reduction plant workers: potroom and carbon department. 688 61


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