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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-five years ago, cigarette smokers in the United Kingdom smoked plain cigarettes with an average tar yield of probably about 35 mg. Now smokers predominantly smoke filter cigarettes and average tar yields have been reduced by half. Epidemiological evidence comparing mortality in smokers of differing types of cigarettes is reviewed. Compared with smokers of higher tar plain cigarettes, smokers of lower tar filters cigarettes have a reduced mortality for lung cancer, for cancer of the buccal cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, and bladder, for chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and for cirrhosis of the liver. They also have a slightly significant. Problems of interpretation and limitations of the available evidence are discussed. No worthwhile evidence is yet available on smokers of "low tar' (0-10 mg) cigarettes and data are sparse on lifetime smokers of filter cigarettes. Continuing research is important to understand the situation fully, but the trends of lower mortality to be associated with lower tar and nicotine levels are promising.
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PMID:Mortality and type of cigarette smoked. 726 28

There are few reports on peripheral air way due to chromate hazard, although many reports about upper and large respiratory tract disturbance were present. In this report, the bronchiolar and alveolar injuries due to chromate compounds were examined based on clinical, pathological investigation and animal experiments. The results were as follows. (1) Clinical investigations of former chromate workers (93 subjects): (a) Based upon findings of lung function tests and chest radiographs, no cases were diagnosed as definite emphysema, and there were only 4 suspected cases of emphysema. (b) 93 subjects were divided to 8 groups by smoking history and labor period, and were examined for their lung function. The values of %FVC, FEV1.0%, V50, V25, MMEFR, CV/VC% and delta N2% of these groups revealed within normal limits. (2) Pathological examination of autopsied and resected lung of 9 chromate lung cancer patients showed emphysematous changes of 8 cases, of which severe grade of emphysematous changes seen in only one, and mild or moderate emphysematous changes in seven. (3) All of the animals treated with monochromate or sodium dichromate, both of which were hexavalent chromate, showed emphysema in the long term experiments, but none treated with chromite ore (trivalent chromate) or saline. (4) The animals showed congestion soon after injection of monochromate in the short term experiments. Emphysematous changes clearly observed in 2 days. Based on our animal experiments, it is concluded that hexavalent chromate acts as a cause to produce emphysema. But clinically it seems reasonable to conclude that effects of chromate compounds to induce emphysema are very mild in men.
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PMID:[Peripheral air way disturbances, especially emphysematous changes due to chromate compounds (author's transl)]. 733 37

In 1978 cigarette smoking was related to more than 320,000 deaths. A fifth of all cancer deaths are related to smoking. 30% of coronary artery disease, 75% of chronic bronchitis, 80% of emphysema, and 80% of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking. The habit costs society about $18 billion every year in lost work time and medical costs. The tobacco industry spends about $450 million annually to sell its product. Women now smoke the same amount as men. From 1969-75 the rate of smoking among girls aged 13-19 increased from 23% to 27%, about a half million new smokers. Over 70% of women under 35 surveyed indicated that their physicians had never mentioned nay of the dangers of smoking. Obstetricians and gynecologists are in an excellent position to counsel women against smoking since they often see teenagers right after they begin smoking. Since infant birth weight is lower when the mother smokes, further physiological effects are expected. The incidence of spontaneous abortion is doubled for the smoker. Between 1968-75, the proportion of physicians who smoked dropped from 29.6% to 21%. In the same 8-year period the percentage of pharmacists who smoked dropped from 34.5% to 27.5%. Nurses smoked 37.3% in 1968 and 38.9% in 1975. The time has come for the physician to take a stand against smoking.
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PMID:Smoking and health: the role of the obstetrician and gynecologist. 736 92

In a 16-year mortality followup of some 293,000 insured U.S. veterans, specific causes of death were studied in relation to smoking status. The main results confirmed earlier findings.Mortality ratios for cigarette smokers as compared with nonsmokers were 1.73 for all causes of death, 1.58 for all cardiovascular diseases, 2.12 for all cancers, and 4.31 for all respiratory diseases. The highest ratios (those greater than 5.0) were observed for cor pulmonale, aortic aneurysm, emphysema and bronchitis, cancer of the pharynx, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the larynx, and cancer of the lung and bronchus. The greatest excess in deaths in terms of observed numbers minus expected was found for the cardiovascular diseases, in particular for coronary heart disease.Mortality ratios for ex-cigarette smokers who had stopped smoking for reasons other than physicians' orders were much lower compared with nonsmokers than the mortality ratios for current cigarette smokers: 1.21 for all causes, 1.15 for all cardiovascular diseases, 1.39 for all cancers, and 2.08 for all respiratory diseases. For most causes of death, the mortality ratios for ex-cigarette smokers who had stopped smoking for reasons other than physicians' orders varied inversely with the number of years of cessation. For some diseases, the mortality risk for the ex-cigarette smoker returned to normal almost immediately after the cessation of smoking, whereas for others, the return to normal was more gradual. The first group included stroke and the combined category of influenza and pneumonia; the second group included cardiovascular diseases as a whole and coronary heart disease. For still other diseases, although the mortality ratio declined with the length of time smoking was discontinued, substantial excess risks remained even after 20 years of cessation. In this third group were aortic aneurysm, bronchitis and emphysema, and lung cancer-diseases with very high mortality ratios for current cigarette smokers. Parkinson's disease remained the one disease that clearly exhibited a negative association with cigarette smoking.
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PMID:Smoking and causes of death among U.S. veterans: 16 years of observation. 738 6

In the final phase of the mortality study of workers at an automotive iron foundry, a subset (N = 3929) of the original cohort of 8147 men, consisting of those exposed to formaldehyde during the period from January 1960 through May 1987, was analyzed. In addition to the external US population, an internal population (N = 2032), consisting of men who had worked in the same foundry during the same time period but not in formaldehyde-exposed jobs, was also used as a referent. Follow-up continued through December 31, 1989. Smoking status was ascertained for 65.4% of the exposed and for 55.1% of the unexposed cohorts. Detailed work histories and evaluation of occupational exposures by an industrial hygienist enabled us to categorize cumulative formaldehyde and silica exposures. Standardized mortality ratios were used to compare the mortality experience of the exposed cohort with the US population and, because of concerns about the healthy worker effect, with an occupational referent population. Relative risks for race, formaldehyde exposure status, smoking status, and silica exposure level were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model to four causes of death: cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx, lung cancer, diseases of the respiratory system, and emphysema. No association between formaldehyde exposure and deaths from malignant or nonmalignant diseases of the respiratory system was found. Cigarette smoking and silica exposure were found to be significantly associated with deaths attributed to lung cancer and disease of the respiratory system.
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PMID:Mortality of iron foundry workers: IV. Analysis of a subcohort exposed to formaldehyde. 755 67

Recently developed thoracoscopic surgical equipment and related instruments have enabled us to perform two groups of advanced thoracoscopic surgical procedures. Group 1: procedures formerly performed by open thoracotomy, and group 2: procedures performed by thoracoscopic surgery only. Group 1 includes bullectomy for spontaneous pneumothorax, wedge resection for lung nodules, resection of benign tumors of the mediastium or chest wall, lung lobectomy, and resection of giant bullae. Because thoracoscopic surgery is minimally invasive, intrathoracic surgical procedures should be performed by thoracoscopic surgery if the results are the same. Group 2 consists of surgery in patients with poor pulmonary reserve and laser ablation of the bullous lung in advanced emphysema. Until recently, surgical intervention was not an option in the patients in groups 2 because of the invasiveness of open thoracotomy. Thoracoscopic surgery allows resection of tumors in early stage lung cancer in patients with poor pulmonary reserve. Severely emphysematous lungs can be ablated with a laser and shrunk, to normalize pulmonary compliance, residual volume and total lung capacity, and thus relieve symptoms.
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PMID:[Thoracoscopic treatment of intrathoracic diseases]. 760 27

Epidemiologic studies indicate that various factors are involved in causing emphysema, although it is uncertain exactly how these factors contribute. Thus the correlation between pathological changes and clinical manifestations was studied. Results of autopsies done on 1940 men and 1791 women from 1978 to 1992 were analyzed retrospectively. Emphysema was graded, from macroscopic findings as follows: none (E 0), slight (E 1), moderate (E 2), and severe (E 3). The severity of anthracocsis was graded as well. Information regarding clinical diagnosis, smoking habits, and available spirometric data were obtained by reviewing the medical records. Prevalence of each grade of emphysema was: in men, E 0-48.6%, E 1-31.6%, E 2-15.8%, and E 3-4.0%; in women, E 0-81.6%, E 1-13.7%, E 2-3.7%, and E 3-0.8%. Pneumonia, lung cancer, and gastric ulcer were significant complications of emphysema, and may have contributed to the cause of death. The effects of various risk factors on the severity of emphysema were evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. Male sex, age, smoking habit, and grade of the anthracosis were independent factors affecting the development of emphysema. Among them, anthracosis grade and smoking habit were found to be strongly contributing factors. Emphysema grade and FEV1% were significantly correlated, but several patients with moderate or severe emphysema did not show airflow obstruction. Therefore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the value of the FEV1% in the diagnosis of emphysema. The diagnostic value of the FEV1% alone was low, so a multiple linear regression equation with three factors (sex, smoking habit, and FEV1%) was constructed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Epidemiology of emphysema: analysis by autopsy in a series of elderly patients]. 760 32

Authoritative reviews of the question of whether occupational exposure to beryllium compounds is associated with increased risk of respiratory cancer were published in 1987 and were critical of the quality of the evidence available up to that time. No clear conclusion could be drawn from it as to the carcinogenicity of beryllium to humans. If studies published since 1987 are to lead to a revision of the regulatory status of beryllium compounds they must clearly be of high quality and scientific validity. These studies, as well as the earlier reports, are reviewed here. I argue that the small and inconsistent excess of lung cancer deaths in employees of one or two plants seen in two post-1987 studies is compatible with a number of explanations other than that they are attributable to occupational exposure to beryllium. Specifically, information on cigarette smoking is poor, and the data do not exist to rule out the possibility that the small number of excess deaths results from residual confounding by cigarette smoking patterns in the populations studied. Indeed, excess deaths from emphysema and ischemia heart disease in the same cohort suggest that confounding by cigarette smoking is a more likely explanation of the lung cancer excess than is occupational exposure to beryllium compounds.
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PMID:The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of beryllium in humans. 783 Jan 65

The battle to reduce the tobacco epidemic is not being won; the epidemic is merely being transferred from rich to poor countries. Tobacco-related mortality will rise from the present annual global toll of 3 million to over 10 million by the year 2025. Currently, most of these deaths are in developed countries but 7 out of the 10 million deaths will occur in developing countries by 2025. Developing countries cannot afford this increase, either in terms of human health or in economic costs, such as medical and health care costs, costs of lost productivity, costs of fires or costs of the misuse of land used to grow tobacco. As many of the tobacco-related illnesses, such as lung cancer or emphysema, are incurable even with expensive technology, the key to tobacco control lies in prevention. The essential elements of a national tobacco control policy are the same for all countries throughout the world--the only differences lie in fine tuning to a country's current situation. While indigenous production and consumption of tobacco remain a problem, of particular concern is the penetration of developing countries by the transnational tobacco companies, with aggressive promotional campaigns and the use of political and commercial pressures to open up markets and to promote foreign cigarettes. This includes specific targeting of women, few of whom currently smoke in developing countries. Also, tobacco advertising revenue prevents the media from reporting on the hazards of tobacco, a particularly serious problem in developing countries where awareness of the harmfulness of tobacco is low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The fight against tobacco in developing countries. 816 71

This cross-sectional actuarial analysis of 1990 mortality data aimed to estimate absolute risk of premature death from all causes, and from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease and chronic bronchitis/emphysema due to tobacco smoking in the Australian population, and to estimate the number of current 15-year-old smokers in the 1990 Australian population who will die prematurely due to smoking. Competing risks were allowed for in the calculations. In males, conditional life expectancy for 15-year-olds was 78.0 years in nonsmokers, 73.3 years in ever-smokers, and 71.5 years in smokers of more than one packet a day. For 15-year-old females, life expectancy was 82.0 years in nonsmokers, 78.4 years in ever-smokers, and 76.9 years in smokers of more than one packet a day. The risk of premature death due to smoking in ever-smokers was estimated as 14.6 per cent in males (before 75 years) and 11.9 per cent in females (before 80 years), with lung cancer (male: 4.2 per cent; female: 3.4 per cent), ischaemic heart disease (male: 3.7 per cent; female: 1.7 per cent) and chronic bronchitis/emphysema (male: 2.4 per cent; female: 2.5 per cent) as the major contributors. From one year of 15-year-old male smokers (26,713), 3,916 premature deaths due to tobacco can be expected; this includes 1,106 lung cancer deaths, 991 ischaemic heart disease deaths and 641 chronic bronchitis/emphysema deaths. From one year of 15-year-old female smokers (32,355), 3,861 premature deaths can be expected; this includes 1,086 lung cancer deaths, 559 ischaemic heart disease deaths and 798 chronic bronchitis/emphysema deaths.
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PMID:Risks of premature death from smoking in 15-year-old Australians. 820 18


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