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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Despite major changes in the patterns of cigarette consumption in the United States in the last two decades, cigarette smoking remains a widespread practice. Many studies show a strong association between cigarette smoking and chronic obstructive lung disease, but only recently have mechanisms been elucidated to explain this association, particularly in the case of emphysema. The exact mechanism of chronic bronchitis is less well defined. The mortality rate for lung cancer continues to increase in this country, particularly among women. Compelling evidence associates lung cancer with cigarette smoking, although animal models have not been very successful. Recently, concern has been raised about the effects of passive smoking. There are substantial data available to suggest that passive smoking results in pulmonary infections and abnormal pulmonary function in children of smokers. The data are less clear-cut for pulmonary functional impairment in adults and for lung cancer in the spouses of smokers. Although the concept of "safer" cigarettes has been widely accepted by the American public, these cigarettes may not be as safe as is widely assumed. Clearly, they are far inferior to total smoking cessation. Nevertheless, smoking cessation remains difficult for many Americans, despite a number of methods that have been used to help smokers quit. Nicotine chewing gum, which has recently become available for use in the United States, has shown some efficacy in helping well-motivated, nicotine-dependent smokers quit smoking. Although some inroads have been made into the occurrence of smoking related diseases in the United States, many unnecessary deaths continue to occur.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking and lung disease. 351 99

Marijuana seems firmly established as another social drug in Western countries, regardless of its current legal status. Patterns of use vary widely. As with other social drugs, the pattern of use is critical in determining adverse effects on health. Perhaps the major area of concern about marijuana use is among the very young. Using any drug on a regular basis that alters reality may be detrimental to the psychosocial maturation of young persons. Chronic use of marijuana may stunt the emotional growth of youngsters. Evidence for an amotivational syndrome is largely based on clinical reports; whether marijuana use is a cause or effect is uncertain. A marijuana psychosis, long rumored, has been difficult to prove. No one doubts that marijuana use may aggravate existing psychoses or other severe emotional disorders. Brain damage has not been proved. Physical dependence is rarely encountered in the usual patterns of social use, despite some degree of tolerance that may develop. The endocrine effects of the drug might be expected to delay puberty in prepubertal boys, but actual instances have been rare. As with any material that is smoked, chronic smoking of marijuana will produce bronchitis; emphysema or lung cancer have not yet been documented. Cardiovascular effects of the drug are harmful to those with preexisting heart disease; fortunately the number of users with such conditions is minimal. Fears that the drug might accumulate in the body to the point of toxicity have been groundless. The potential deleterious effects of marijuana use on driving ability seem to be self-evident; proof of such impairment has been more difficult. The drug is probably harmful when taken during pregnancy, but the risk is uncertain. One would be prudent to avoid marijuana during pregnancy, just as one would do with most other drugs not essential to life or well-being. No clinical consequences have been noted from the effects of the drug on immune response, chromosomes, or cell metabolites. Contamination of marijuana by spraying with defoliants has created the clearest danger to health; such attempts to control production should be abandoned. Therapeutic uses for marijuana, THC, or cannabinoid homologs are being actively explored. Only the synthetic homolog, nabilone, has been approved for use to control nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Health aspects of cannabis. 352 Jun 5

2 of the 5 health warnings that must now appear on American cigarette packs and cigarette advertising refer to some of the increased hazards smoking entails for the woman and her unborn child. Yet, the myriad reproductive risks associated with smoking are little known or considered by the general public--or even by physicians--when compared with the dangers of lung cancer, heart attacks and emphysema. In an attempt to remedy that deficit, 8 government agencies sponsored the 1st International Conference on Smoking and Reproductive Health, held October 15-17, 1985 in San Francisco. Speaker after expert speaker connected smoking during pregnancy with increased risks of low birth weight, miscarriage, infant mortality and morbidity--including poorer health of surviving children up to at least age 3--ectopic pregnancy, infertility, menstrual disorders, early menopause, osteoporosis, cervical cancer and dysplasia, cardiovascular disease and placental abnormalities. Similarly, the conference participants documented the association of smoking among men with lower sperm count and increased prevalence of abnormal sperm. The following measures were urged at the closing statements of the conference: 1) an increased effort to inform doctors and health professionals of these findings; 2) increasing the tax on cigarettes, so that smokers would pay for their own health costs; 3) decreasing or eliminating government subsidies for growing tobacco, while helping growers make the transition to nontobacco crops; 4) making smoking cessation programs more widely available; 5) prohibiting the sale of cigarettes through vending machines; and 6) banning all smoking in the workplace.
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PMID:Smoking and reproduction. 353 34

Clinical evaluation and kinetics in serum of cefoperazone (CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been conducted as a multicenter trial participated by 20 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 8 months from October 1984 to May 1985. Mean serum CPZ levels up to 4 hours following the end of intravenous infusion of either 1 or 2 g CPZ remained higher than the MIC80 of CPZ against major causative organisms of lower respiratory tract infections such as H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae. Serum half-lives of CPZ following intravenous infusion were prolonged in the elderly and in patients who showed moderate liver or kidney dysfunction, but did not exceed twofold of normal value. Clinical efficacy rates of CPZ were 82.9% (34/41) against pneumonia, 80% (4/5) against lung abscess, 88.9% (32/36) against acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 66.7% (2/3) against panbronchiolitis, 100% (1/1) against acute bronchitis, and 85.7% (12/14), 64.3% (9/14) and 70.0% (7/10) against infections concurrent to chronic respiratory diseases, pulmonary emphysema and bronchiectasis, respectively. The overall efficacy rate was 81.5% (101/124). Bacteriological eradication rates against P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were 60% (6/10), 88.9% (8/9) and 100% (3/3), respectively. The overall eradication rate including polymicrobial infection was 67.5% (27/40). The clinical efficacy rate of CPZ in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumoconiosis, etc. was not significantly different from the efficacy rate in patients without these underlying diseases. Of 20 patients who failed to respond to previous antibiotic treatments, 13 were effectively treated by CPZ. Adverse reactions occurred in 6.7% (11/164) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash, fever, diarrhea and loose stool. Laboratory abnormalities were seen in 5 patients during the study. These included elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, eosinophilia and neutropenia. CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections because of its excellent clinical efficacy and rare incidence of abnormal accumulations in sera following the recommended 2-4 g/day administration even in the elderly.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 354 33

Long term inhalation of CrO3 mist by C57BL mice The effects of the chromic acid mist used in electroplating on the respiratory system of C57BL mice (female; n = 43) were examined histopathologically after exposure for 12 months to the mist (1.81 mgCr/m3-120 min, twice a week). Among the 23 mice sacrificed at 12 months after the first exposure, three cases of perforation in the nasal septs, a case of proliferative change of the tracheal epithelium, nine cases of emphysema and four of adenomatous metaplasia of the lungs were observed on antopsy. Among the 20 mice which were sacrificed six months after the last exposure, the same changes as the 12-month exposure group were also observed in the nasal septum, trachea and lungs, but papillomas observed in the nasal epithelia of six mice and adenoma in the lung of a mouse were new findings not seen in the 12-month exposure group. These results suggest that, in view of the low incidence of spontaneous lung tumor in C57BL mice, inhalation of chromic acid mist in electroplating might be a risk factor of lung cancer. Additionally, the occurrence of papillomas in the nasal epithelium demonstrates the need of directing attention to the possible development of cancer of the upper respiratory tract in chromium electroplating workers. Recapitulation on our experimental studies Upon completion of our five reports on the effects of chromium compounds on the respiratory system, a recapitulation of our experimental studies was made and compared with the findings of a number of reports on chromium. It was experimentally and epidemiologically confirmed that hexavalent chromium compounds act as carcinogens and cause specific biological effects on the respiratory system. These characteristics of hexavalent compounds might be attributable to the strong oxidizing potency and/or high permeability through the cell membrane. Furthermore, hexavalent compounds might be entirely different in biological action from trivalent compounds which are chemically most stable.
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PMID:[Effects of chromium compounds on the respiratory system. 5. Long term inhalation of chromic acid mist in electroplating by C57BL female mice and recapitulation of our experimental studies]. 361 47

Five hundred and fifteen men newly attending chest clinics in coalmining areas of England and Wales were entered into a study of the risk of irregular opacities on the chest radiograph in relation to occupation; readable radiographs were received for 489. The men completed questionnaires on occupational and smoking history and the radiographs were read for irregular opacities by the collaborating chest physicians and by a panel of three readers using the ILO 1980 classification. Older men had more irregular opacities than younger men, but coalworkers had a significant excess risk of nearly three times of having irregular opacities, which remained after stratifying for smoking and age. Lung cancer was evident on 14% of the radiographs and was significantly less common in coalworkers than non-coalworkers. The findings are consistent with a causal association between coalwork exposure and irregular opacities. Other evidence suggests that these opacities are associated with emphysema in coalworkers.
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PMID:Radiological irregular opacities and coalwork exposure: a case-referent study. 362 Mar 73

In a random sample of 25,129 Swedish men who responded to a questionnaire on smoking habits in 1963 the cause specific mortality was followed through 1979. In the cohort, 32% smoked cigarettes, 27% a pipe, and 5% cigars. There were clear covariations (p less than 0.001) between the amount of tobacco smoked and the risk of death due to cancer of the oral cavity and larynx, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, lung, and bladder as well as due to bronchitis and emphysema, ischaemic heart disease, aortic aneurysm, and peptic ulcer. Pipe smokers showed similar risk levels to cigarette smokers. There was a close to linear increase in lung cancer risk in relation to the amount of tobacco smoked for cigarette, pipe, and cigar smokers, respectively. An increasing risk of ischaemic heart disease with amount smoked was seen among both cigarette and pipe smokers. A similar fraction of inhalers in Swedish cigarette and pipe smokers may explain the similarity in risks.
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PMID:Mortality in relation to cigarette and pipe smoking: 16 years' observation of 25,000 Swedish men. 365 38

Respiratory infections of 19 subjects of advanced age and/or with underlying respiratory disease were treated with cefoperazone (CPZ) and its clinical effects were studied. Sixteen subjects suffered from respiratory tract infection and 3 subjects had pneumonia. The age of the subjects ranged from 39 to 77 years with the mean of 63.8, 7 of them being more than 70 years of age. The underlying respiratory diseases included chronic pulmonary emphysema in 6 subjects, diffuse panbronchiolitis in 3, bronchiectasis in 3, silicosis in 2 and one each of chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and old pulmonary tuberculosis. One case, 75 years of age, had renal insufficiency. The daily dose of CPZ was 4 grams in 18 of the 19 subjects and the duration of administration ranged 5 to 22 days. The remaining 1 subject received 2 g of CPZ daily for 6 days. Clinical effects were judged from the changes in fever, cough, amount of sputum, dyspnea, rales, cyanosis, chest X-ray, white blood cell counts, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and results of sputum culture. Clinical effects were good in 16 subjects, fair in 1, and poor in 2. Bacteriological follow-up was carried out in 13 subjects. Infecting bacteria were eliminated from 5 subjects, reduced in 2 and, in 4 subjects, they were replaced by other bacteria. In 1 subject, P. aeruginosa was isolated from sputum even after the treatment with CPZ, and in another subject H. influenzae relapsed immediately after the cessation of the CPZ treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effects of cefoperazone on respiratory infections of patients of advanced age and/or with underlying respiratory diseases]. 373 62

A proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) study was undertaken of 7,121 members and retirees of the United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters in California who died in 1960-79. The PMR for all malignant neoplasms was 1.24, with a major contribution from lung cancers (PMR = 1.41). Lung cancer PMRs were consistently elevated, through the 20-year study period, across the pipe trades and within different birth cohorts. Sixteen mesothelioma deaths occurred, suggesting asbestos as a risk factor. PMRs for malignancies of the stomach, kidney, brain, and lymphopoietic system were also elevated, especially among plumbers. Chronic rheumatic heart disease, emphysema, liver cirrhosis, and all external causes of death were the major non-cancer causes with significantly elevated PMRs. There were significant deficits in diabetes mellitus, all pneumonia, chronic nephritis, and vascular lesions of the central nervous system (CNS). PMRs for successive birth cohorts among all study subjects revealed decreasing emphysema risk, suggesting previous reduction of a risk factor for this disease. Among plumbers, PMRs for death due to several non-respiratory malignancies showed an increasing trend with recency of birth cohort.
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PMID:Patterns of mortality among plumbers and pipefitters. 374 68

Lung cancer risk associated with family and personal history of respiratory diseases was assessed in a population-based, case-control study that included incident cases in New Mexico, 1980 to 1982. The study questionnaire ascertained previous diagnoses of major chronic respiratory diseases in the index subjects, their parents, and their grandparents and of lung and other respiratory cancers in the parents and grandparents. Physician diagnoses of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other chest illnesses were reported significantly more often for cases than for control subjects. For 6.9% of the cases, at least 1 parent had a diagnosis of lung cancer, whereas only 2.2% of the control subjects' parents were similarly affected (p less than 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models that excluded never smokers and included variables to control for the effects of cigarette smoking, we found significantly increased risks for a personal history of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.8) and a parental history of lung cancer (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 12.8). The present study complements the results of previous investigations, which demonstrated that lung cancer risk in smokers is modified by characteristics of the smoker and by family history.
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PMID:Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk. 375 3


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