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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several radiopharmaceuticals have recently been shown to have a considerable affinity for malignant tissue. All the tumor-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in current use are nonspecific and may also be picked up by benign tumors and infectious processes, including abscess and granuloma. The sensitivity of the tumor-imaging procedure depends on the radiopharmaceutical employed, the type of tumor, its size and location, and previous or current treatment. Gallium-67 citrate (67Ga), the most widely used tumor-seeking radiopharmaceutical, seems to have its greatest value in detecting bronchogenic carcinomas irrespective of cell type. The sensitivity for lung cancer in 489 studies was 93 per cent. Gallium-67 is also of great value in the staging of Hodgkin's disease, in which its sensitivity is 87 per cent. Non-Hdgkin's lymphomas are detected with only slightly lower sensitivity. There is, in fact, evidence that 67Ga is at least complemenatry, if not more sensitive than lymphangiography, in the staging of lymphoma. However, adenocarcinomas originating in the gastrointestinal tract are detected by 67Ga with a sensitivity of only about 40 per cent, whereas various chelates of bleomycin (including 111In-Bleo, 99mTc-Bleo and 57Co-Bleo) detect adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract with considerably higher sensitivity. In the few studies available comparing bleomycin chelates, 57Co-Bleo and 99mTc-Bleo appear to be more sensitive in detecting tumor than 111In-Bleo. Other tumor-seeking radiopharmaceuticasl which have been employed with somewhat less success include selenium compounds, labeled pyrimidines, several inorganic cations, lanthanide chelates and labeled proteins. Yet to be evaulated clinically is the efficacy of radiolabeled antibodies which are specific for tumor antigens, such as 131I-anti-CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen).
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PMID:Cancer diagnosis. The role of tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticals. 5 31

Viable cultured oat-cell carcinoma cells were used to immunize a goat. The resulting antiserum contained high titres of anti-normal activity and antibodies to CEA. It was also shown, by indirect immunofluorescence, using fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-goat Ig, to localize at high titres on the surface membranes of human lung cancer cells of 4 different histological types. Booster immunizations produced a maximum secondary response one week after 2 weekly injections. The course of each immunization has been monitored for activity against normal human tissues, and the final sera have been absorbed with human spleen cells to remove anti-normal activity. Cross-reactivity with the lung-cancer-cell panel and antibodies to CEA persisted in high titre after absorption of anti-normal antibodies, and were present in the ammonium-sulphate-precipitated globulin fraction. The cells used for immunization did not produce detectable amounts of CEA in culture, and were not known to contain CEA prior to this experiment. Removal of anti-CEA antibodies by absorption with purified CEA has not reduced the cross-reactivity of the absorbed antiserum with the panel of human lung-cancer cells.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of an antiserum to cultured human oat-cell carcinoma cells. 20 97

Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in 682 lung cancer patients have been studied in order to assess their value in the screening of high-risk populations, monitoring total surgical ablation and projecting the effectiveness of therapy. The initial values are shown to be related to the histology of the tumor and to the extent of the disease. All histologic types of lung cancer produce elevated CEA but adenocarcinoma characteristically produces higher values than small, large or squamous cell carcinomas. CEA has its most precise value in distinguishing at an early date cured patients subsequent to surgical resection from those patients who will eventually fail because of recurrent disease.
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PMID:The value of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with carcinoma of the lung. 22 1

Charts of 437 patients having plasma carcinoembryonic antigen determinations during the period January 1, 1976 through April 30, 1976 were reviewed to determine whether CEA results led to clinical decisions altering management patterns. Data analysis disclosed that CEA test results did not result in any change in management in 167 patients with non-neoplastic disease. Most had single determinations. In 270 patients with neoplastic disease, CEA results led to changes in management in one patient with lung cancer and two patients with colon cancer, which may have altered prognosis. In a fourth patient, CEA results led to discovery of unresectable pancreatic cancer at laparotomy. Cost benefit analysis indicated a CEA test cost of $5,047.50 per patient benefitted in 299 patients eligible for analysis. We conclude that maximal benefit to the patient results from serial CEA test use in follow-up of colon cancer patients after curative therapy.
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PMID:The use and abuse of CEA test in clinical practice. 41 1

Measurement of Clq-BA and CEA levels in patients with lung cancer may provide additional information about their clinical status discriminating between disease free patients and those with residual disease. Post-operative determination of Clq-BA and CEA levels may assist in defining patients which have poor prognosis. Preliminary evidence suggests that Clq-BA measurement may provide additional prognostic information in a small group of patients with normal CEA values. Finally, the presence of elevated Clq-BA in tumor bearing patients is of fundamental importance in the biology of cancer as it suggests that there are some tumor associated antigens which provoke the production of antibody in the host with the resultant formation of circulating immune complexes. The definition of the nature of the antigen in these immune complexes awaits further study.
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PMID:Application of tumor marker analysis to patients with lung cancer. 46 52

An original technique for the direct radioimmunological measurement of plasma CEA has been prepared. Compared to the other in use, this has the advantage of a very low incidence of false positivity. 1704 patients make up the series: the percentage of positivity in 247 suffering from gastroenteric adenocarcinoma was 66.8%, in 60 with lung cancer 30%, in 243 with malignant tumours in various sites 7.4%, in 199 with chronic liver diseases 29.6% while in 598 cases of other non-neoplastic diseases it was only 2.5%. 212 patients who underwent radical surgery for gastroenteric adenocarcinoma were also followed up and the test provided early diagnosis of the clinical re-onset of the neoplastic lesion. It is considered that plasma CEA measurement represents a useful aid to the clinician althouth it cannot be employed at present to screen gastroenteric adenocarcinomas.
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PMID:[Direct radioimmunological determination of plasma CEA in 1704 patients]. 63 5

Estimation of CEA levels by the Z-gel method indicates that smokers, patients with limited lung cancer and patients with extensive lung cancer have higher values than nonsmoking controls. The CEA levels within each group are significantly different from one another. Use of CEA estimation for diagnostic purposes is limited because of the considerable overlap between normal controls and patients with cancer, the relatively low incidence of elevated values in patients with limited disease and the high incidence of false negatives (20%) even in patients with extensive disease. Elevated CEA values are associated with a poor prognosis and could be of clinical value as an addition to clinical staging to determine survival particularly for patients with extra-thoracic disease. Persistently high values in patients deemed clinically disease-free postoperatively are indicative of residual disease and a poor prognosis. If and when effective therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma becomes available, monitoring of CEA values may be useful in some patients as an early indication of release. Further studies are required to determine if the extraordinarily poor prognosis associated with marked elevations of CEA may be used as an additional criterion of inoperability in such patients.
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PMID:Measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. 70 19

Two hundred and twenty-eight patients who were treated for carcinoma of the lung were followed and their plasma CEA levels assessed at intervals during the course of the disease. In addition, plasma samples were taken from 487 healthy blood donors for comparison as a control. CEA assay is not selective or specific enough, at this time, to be used for screening purposes even though 68% of the patients who have lung cancer will have an elevated concentration of CEA regardless of the histological cell type. In patients with plasma levels of CEA above 15 ng/ml the prognosis is uniformly poor. CEA in the author's view does have value as a prognostic marker capable of suggesting the successful resection of a tumor and to a lesser degree confirming the clinical objective response to the radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It was found that the presence of CEA was not necessarily related to the volume of the tumor or the site of organ metastasis, but reflects the metabolic properties and characteristics of the individual tumor as it occurs in the patient.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen in 228 patients with carcinoma of the lung. 120 64

Nuclear Medicine offers screening methods for oncology such as bone and bone marrow scintigraphy. During the last two decades, special procedures have gained widespread application. This paper is centered around the "tumor-specific" radiopharmaceuticals. In patients with thyroid cancer, I-131 still plays a significant role. Ga-67 still has its indications in lymphoma, while in other diseases Tl-201 chloride is now the agent of choice. Especially in thyroid cancer, Tl-201 has proved to be a reliable tumor imaging radiopharmaceutical. More recently, Tc-99m MIBI was introduced for tumor imaging. Tc-99m HMPAO may also be used for tumor scintigraphy, especially in brain lesions. In addition, I-123 IMP has successfully been used for imaging malignant melanoma. Another promising field of tumor diagnosis is receptor imaging. In neuroblastoma and malignant pheochromocytoma, I-131/123 mIBG is the radiopharmaceutical of choice and may be considered as a receptor imaging agent also. First clinical results with In-111 octreotide show potentials as somatostatin-receptor radiopharmaceutical in insulinoma, islet cell carcinoma, medullary and lung cancer, while I-123 estradiol needs some improvement until it may be recommended as diagnostic tool in breast cancer. Since 1978, radiolabeled poly- or monoclonal tumor antibodies and their fragments have gained widespread application. Especially the Tc-99m 225.28S melanoma antibody, I-131 or Tc-99m CEA and In-111/I-131 labeled OC-125 antibodies have proven to be of clinical significance in melanoma, colorectal and ovarian cancer.
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PMID:The role of nuclear medicine in oncology. 138 87

The need for validated intermediate end point markers to facilitate lung cancer chemointervention research is compelling. Three major classes of lung markers are relevant for this application. Since lung cancer includes four distinct histologies, markers that map degrees of histologic differentiation are important. Many of the markers for squamous differentiation overlap with the candidates for application in the study of head and neck cancer. Production of tissue-specific cell products especially for surfactant or CEA is of interest, because the gene structure is known and many differentiation-related polymorphisms exist. This strategy would be useful for adenomatous type tissue. A second type of marker is the broad group of differentiation markers. The carbohydrate or blood group-like antigens comprise a representative example. Carbohydrate structures are expressed in a specific sequence during fetal processes, and this sequence appears to reverse with the development of a cancer. Retrodifferentiation of specific differentiation markers is the basis of a major effort to effect earlier lung cancer detection using sputum immunocytochemistry. The final class includes markers which affect either positive or negative aspects of growth. Candidates in this area include growth factors or their receptors, or genes that regulate growth. If the intermediate end point marker reflects tumor biology and that biology is in the causal path of tumor progression, serial observation of that parameter should indicate the success of the intervention. In all three of these examples, the clinical material to be analyzed could be sputum specimens, bronchial biopsies or resected lung tissue. Systematic analysis of these markers in context of intervention trials is required to validate their utility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Candidate biomarkers for application as intermediate end points of lung carcinogenesis. 146 99


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