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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is widespread in European countries, the most serious exposures occurring at home and in the workplace. Epidemiological studies have, essentially, addressed the association between ETS exposure and respiratory health in children, and increased risk of lung cancer among adult nonsmokers. Relatively few studies have been reported on ETS and adult non-neoplastic respiratory diseases. On the basis of the available data, no definite conclusion (excluding the acute irritating effect of ETS on respiratory mucous membranes) can be drawn. Although biologically plausible, it remains controversial whether ETS exposure is associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including asthma. Most of the studies that have used the most sensitive indicators of pulmonary function have suggested a negative impact of ETS exposure. However, if really present, the physiological significance of such small changes is unclear, and the relationship to long-term changes in lung function is not established. Moreover, the possibility of bias and confounding factors must be taken into account. Thus, there is a need for further epidemiological studies on ETS exposure and adult non-neoplastic respiratory disorders.
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PMID:Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and adult non-neoplastic respiratory diseases. 814 19

Data from The Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective population study, were analysed to investigate the influence of the type of tobacco and inhalation on mortality from lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study sample comprised 2986 plain cigarette smokers, 3222 filter cigarette smokers, 1578 smokers of cheroots/cigars, 433 male pipe smokers and 773 smokers smoking more than one type of tobacco. From 1976 to the end of 1989 we observed 268 deaths from lung cancer and 195 deaths, where COPD was considered as either the main or the contributory cause of death. Current smokers of all types of tobacco had a significantly higher risk of mortality from the investigated diseases than never-smokers. In both sexes the risks of death from both lung cancer and COPD were lower in cheroot/cigar smokers and in pipe smokers than in cigarette smokers, but these differences were markedly diminished after an adjustment for the inhalation habit. The present study substantiates that tobacco smoking increases pulmonary mortality. The small differences between the various types of tobacco are probably caused by different inhalation patterns.
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PMID:[Tobacco, lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease. Results from the Osterbro study]. 834 75

Human pulmonary neuroendocrine cells produce a variety of hormones, including mammalian bombesin (BN) or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and increased release of BN-like peptides occur in several diseases of the airways, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Growth stimulation of human bronchial epithelial cells by BN, as measured in a colony-forming assay, has been reported previously (Willey et al.:Exp. Cell Res. 153:245-248, 1984). In a follow-up to this report, we examined the response of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells to BN or GRP in a similar system, using cells derived from 13 human tissue donors. A stimulatory response (increased colony-forming efficiency) was found in cultures from 8 donors, including 3 with COPD. Statistical significance was found for the data from 5 of these 8 donors. The other 5 donors, 1 normal and 4 lung cancer patients, showed inhibition of colony formation by BN or GRP. Statistical significance was found for 3 of these donors. The ability of BN analogs to modulate BN stimulation was examined in cells from a donor with COPD. [psi Leu13,Leu14] BN(1-14), a BN antagonist, blocked the stimulation induced by BN. [D-Cpa6,psi Leu13,Phe14] BN(6-14), a mixed agonist-antagonist, showed partial agonist activity in HBE cells. [D-Phe1,Leu8,9] Litorin, an agonist, also showed agonist activity in a colony-forming assay with cells from these donors. These results indicate that responsiveness to BN/GRP may vary widely in the human population. Responsiveness may be heightened in disease states involving a proliferation of neuroendocrine cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide on human bronchial epithelial cells from a series of donors: individual variation and modulation by bombesin analogs. 850 11

Cigarette smoking remains the primary cause of preventable death and morbidity in the United States. Smoking causes lung cancer, COPD, and CHD and contributes significantly to mortality from other conditions such as stroke. Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes low birthweight and perinatal mortality, and it may have lasting impact on the child's physical and cognitive growth. Passive exposure to ETS causes lung cancer and poses particular danger to the respiratory health of young children. Smoking cessation strategies are important, but the should be supplemented by community and policy-level interventions. Workplace or community smoking bans, statewide taxes on tobacco, and antismoking media campaigns may be effective adjuncts to individual cessation strategies. These strategies may be an even more important disincentive to smoking initiation. The expanding horizon of health consequences of smoking and its costs to American society should again challenge public health agencies to develop and implement effective strategies to prevent smoking acquisition by young people. These health effects should also motivate health professionals in other countries where smoking prevalence is increasing, rather than decreasing, to initiate more effective efforts to reverse this trend and minimize the excess morbidity and death that accompany this dangerous habit.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking and health. American Thoracic Society. 856 46

The application of current knowledge and technology could dramatically improve the survival rate in both lung cancer and COPD, even before physicians and other health workers are finally able to convince the population that both personal and environmental smoke must be eliminated to begin to reduce the premature morbidity and mortality from lung cancer, airflow obstruction, and other smoking-related diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
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PMID:Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 863 8

We determined the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States from 1979 through 1991 by analyzing death certificate reports compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Of the 26,866,600 people who died during the study period, 107,312 died with pulmonary fibrosis, 1,739,725 died with lung cancer, 2,040,634 died with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 7,807 died with asbestosis. Lung cancer occurred less frequently among decedents with pulmonary fibrosis (4.81%) and more frequently among decedents with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.06%) and decedents with asbestosis (26.60%) than among decedents in the general population (6.48%). We conclude that the prevalence of lung cancer among people who died with a diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis is lower than the 10% to 40% prevalence that has been reported in case series of pulmonary fibrosis.
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PMID:Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States: analysis of the multiple cause of death mortality data, 1979 through 1991. 863 79

Seventy one patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis who died during the past 5 years (1989 to 1993) were evaluated on their causes of death. Twenty two patients (31%) died directly of tuberculosis, and among them, 18 patients (81%) of 22 patients who died of tuberculosis) had very advanced tuberculosis. The majority of them (64%) were old age over 70 years and were bedridden due mostly to cerebrovascular injuries. The serum level of albumin was low in all 17 patients in whom it was measured. Establishment of diagnosis of tuberculosis was delayed over one month after the onset of symptoms in 59% of patients who died of severe disease. Sixty one percent (11/18) of patients died within the first month after the initiation of chemotherapy and about 90% (16/18) died within 3 months. Two patients died from massive hemoptysis and other patients died of either respiratory failure or tuberculosis meningitis. From these observations it was found that very advanced tuberculosis was the major cause of death in patients who died of tuberculosis and that the advanced disease was chiefly caused by the delay on the establishment of diagnosis, and it was most important to detect tuberculosis as early as possible, with regular check up of chest X-ray and frequent examination for AFB (acid-fast bacilli) for tuberculosis suspected patients. On the other hand, the majority of patients (49/71) died of complicating medical problem unrelated to tuberculosis. Seventeen patients died from malignancy (seven lung cancer, four lymphoma, two laryngeal cancer, etc). Ten deaths were the result of bacterial superinfection. Other patients died from respiratory failure due to COPD, arteiosclerotic heart disease, or cerebrovascular injuries, etc. Two patients of old age died of hepatic failure possibly caused by adverse reaction of TB chemotherapy. It was found that diseases unrelated to tuberculosis were the cause of death in approximately 70% of patients with active tuberculosis, and it should be emphasized to detect early and to treat these diseases, in particular malignancy. And it is also imperative that the chemotherapy for TB must be instituted very carefully with frequent monitoring of liver function in patients with old age.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation on causes of death in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis]. 868 6

The detailed mortality and morbidity statistics on smoking tend to conceal the overall impact of the habit on health. About 3 million people die each year from smoking in economically developed countries, half of them before the age of 70. Cancers of eight sites are recognized as being caused by smoking--lung cancer almost entirely and the others (upper respiratory, bladder, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, leukaemia) to a substantial extent. Six other potentially fatal diseases are also judged to be caused by smoking: respiratory heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, stroke, pneumonia, aortic aneurysm and ischaemic heart disease, the most common cause of death in economically developed countries. Non-fatal diseases, such as peripheral vascular disease, cataracts, hip fracture, and periodontal disease, which cause appreciable disability, cost and inconvenience are also caused by smoking. In pregnancy, smoking increases the risk of limb reduction defects, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight. While there are some diseases for which smoking shows a protective effect, the 'benefits' of these are negligible in relation to the illness and premature mortality caused by smoking. About 20% of all deaths in developed countries are caused by smoking; an enormous human cost which can be completely avoided.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking: an epidemiological overview. 874 92

Smoking is well established as a main cause of preventable mortality throughout the world, but little data are available on Asian populations and none on Singapore. This study is the first to provide data specific to Singapore on the increased mortality among smokers, and is one of the few such studies on Asians. In 1974, smoking history data were taken from a random sample of 3579 adults living in Singapore. Of these, 3361 (1522 men and 1839 women) were eligible for follow-up and vital status was determined as at 31 December 1993. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risks of variety of causes of death for smokers compared to non-smokers, adjusted for age and ethnicity. Smoking was categorized as ever or never and also as none, light or heavy. As at 31 December 1993, 330 (21.7%) of the men and 249 (13.5%) of the women had died. Relative risk values were clearly elevated for male and female smokers for all-cause mortality (1.42 and 1.52, respectively), lung cancer (13.2, 6.37) and death due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (4.71, 8.50). Relative risk values for death from cancer of the larynx or oesophagus, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease were elevated but not significantly different from 1.0. A trend of increasing risk with increasing smoking intensity was seen for all-cause mortality among men and for lung cancer and COPD mortality, among both sexes. Ethnicity was associated with ischaemic heart disease mortality among men, with elevated risks in both the Indians (2.55) and the Malays (1.66) relative to the Chinese. These results should serve to strengthen the anti-smoking campaigns in Singapore.
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PMID:Smoking-associated mortality in a cohort of Singaporeans observed for 20 years. 877 31

In previous investigations p53 polymorphisms and haplotypes have been found to be associated with different types of cancer. In this paper the codon 31 polymorphism of the p53-inducible protein p21 was studied in 144 Swedish lung cancer patients and two different control groups: 95 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 761 healthy controls. An increased frequency of the p21 codon 31 A1 (arg) allele was found in lung cancer patients, especially in comparison with COPD patients (p = 0.004). There was a significantly increased frequency among lung cancer patients of individuals carrying the arg allele both in comparison with COPD controls (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.5-18.1) and healthy controls (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.9). The results of this and previous studies indicate that allelic variants of both p53 and its effector protein p21 may have an influence on lung cancer.
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PMID:Association between the p21 codon 31 A1 (arg) allele and lung cancer. 880 25


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