Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Involuntary smoking is defined as the exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco combustion products in the indoor environment. Involuntary smokers are exposed to a quantitatively smaller and qualitatively different smoke exposure than active smokers. Quantitation of exposure is particularly difficult in both physiologic and epidemiologic studies. Acute physiologic studies have documented minimal physiologic changes in healthy subjects. However, individuals with heart or lung disease may be differentially affected. A relatively large body of data relates parental (particularly maternal) cigarette smoking to the occurrence of both acute respiratory illnesses and chronic respiratory symptoms in children. The effect seems to be greatest early in life and cannot be separated from in utero exposure. Data linking parental smoking to lower levels of pulmonary function are all cross-sectional and less conclusive. What is apparent is that the magnitude of the direct effect of passive smoke exposure is likely to be relatively small (from 1 to 5% reduction in maximally obtained lung function level in exposed children). Data on adults are insufficient to allow for a quantitative estimate. The important effects of passive smoke exposure in childhood are twofold. The slight reduction in pulmonary function level may predispose individuals to increased risks from environmental agents later in life. In addition, having a parent who smokes substantially increases the likelihood that a child will become a smoker. Finally, two studies have linked lung cancer in nonsmokers to exposure to spouses' cigarette smoke. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. Involuntary smoking may have important health effects, either direct or indirect, which deserve further study.
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PMID:The health effects of involuntary smoking. 663 84

Twelve cases of interstitial pneumonitis were seen in 50 patients (24%) treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and etoposide (VP-16-213) for small cell anaplastic lung cancer. The clinical course and pathologic characteristics were consistent with drug-induced pneumonitis in all 12 cases. One additional patient had concurrent histologic evidence of interstitial pneumonitis, pneumocystis infection, and perivascular metastases. Patients presented with severe dyspnea, hypoxemia, cough, fever, and bilateral interstitial infiltrates on chest films. The onset was rapid and unpredictable, following as little as one month or as much as five months of therapy. Nine patients recovered but there were three deaths in the acute period directly attributable to the drug-induced pneumonitis. Although the use of twice weekly oral methotrexate may have been a causative factor, a previously unsuspected drug interaction with etoposide may be the etiologic factor resulting in this unusually high incidence of pulmonary toxicity. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis in this group of patients with chronic lung disease and lung cancer is well known. The extent of morbidity and mortality seen in this study and the commercial availability of etoposide make earlier clinical recognition of this complication imperative.
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PMID:Chemotherapy-induced interstitial pneumonitis during treatment of small cell anaplastic lung cancer. 672 94

During the first 10 years of the Mayo Lung Project, 68 roentgenographically inapparent ("occult") lung cancers were localized and apparently completely resected. A pathologic classification was developed based on depth of tumor infiltration. The five categories were (1) in situ carcinoma confined to surface epithelium or ducts of mucous glands or acini (23 cancers), (2) intramucosal invasion not greater than 0.1 cm from mucosal surface (12 cancers), (3) invasion to bronchial cartilages (11 cancers), (4) invasion to full thickness of bronchial wall (10 cancers), and (5) extrabronchial invasion (12 cancers). Multicentricity of lung cancer was studied in 54 patients, none of whom had a history of cancer of the respiratory tract, and all of whom had had "complete" surgical resection of the initial occult lung cancer (or cancers). Neoplasms that were initially multicentric occurred in 4 patients, and a subsequent primary lung cancer developed in 11. The rate of detection of second primary lesions was 42 per 1,000 person-years of observation. A high incidence of unresectable cancers and a low survival rate were noted among patients who had a subsequent primary tumor. These findings were primarily attributable to invasiveness of the subsequent primary cancer or to respiratory insufficiency that resulted from obstructive lung disease or previous pulmonary resection. Because of the high risk of development of a second primary cancer after initial surgical resection, it is important to treat the initial occult cancer as conservatively as possible consistent with "cure."
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PMID:Roentgenographically occult lung cancer: pathologic findings and frequency of multicentricity during a 10-year period. 673 13

Duration of smoking career, number of cigarettes smoked and smoke inhalation pattern seem to have a bearing on the occurrence of tobacco-related lung diseases. The authors therefore determined the smoking pattern and especially the time relation between drawing on a cigarette and inhalation in smokers with and without tobacco-related lung diseases. Based on clinical and radiological findings as well as pulmonary function tests, 91 smokers (without lung disease, with small airway disease, with simple chronic bronchitis, with obstructive bronchitis, with bronchitis and predominantly emphysema and with lung cancer) were examined. Smoking and breathing pattern were recorded using a smoke flow machine and a strain-gauge belt while smoking a cigarette. The blood level of COHb was determined before and after smoking. Of the smoking characteristics peak pressure, peak flow, time from drawing to inhalation and COHb difference varied significantly among the different groups. Drawing-to-inhalation time was lowest in smokers with chronic bronchitis and predominantly emphysema, which differed significantly from the other groups. This characteristic may be the consequence or the cause of emphysema. Regarding the latter, smokers with emphysema may perhaps lack the acute airway response to smoke inhalation and thus be able to inhale the cigarette smoke directly.
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PMID:[Does the manner of smoking affect chronic obstructive airway diseases and bronchial cancer?]. 682 40

A human lung tumor-associated antigen, previously purified to apparent homogeneity from an extract of a small cell tumor, was radioiodinated with Bolton-Hunter reagent for use in a competitive protein-binding radioimmunoassay. A panel of 215 sera was assembled from normal individuals and pretreatment patients with lung cancer, benign lung disease, and nonlung cancers, and lung tumor antigen in each was quantitated using the radioimmunoassay. The mean of normals was 0.92 +/- 0.43 (S.D.) microgram/ml (n = 88), and values greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean (1.78 micrograms/ml) were considered positive. Positive rates in lung cancers of the following histological types were found: adenocarcinoma, 60% (9 of 15); squamous cell, 42% (13 of 31); large cell, 17% (3 of 18); and small cell, 19% (3 of 16). In addition, 13% (3 of 23) of other cancers, 0% (0 of 24) of benign lung disease, and 2% (2 of 88) of normals were positive. Approximately one-third of Stage 1 patients in the squamous cell and adenocarcinoma groups were positive while two-thirds of patients with more advanced Stage III disease in these categories showed elevations.
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PMID:Serum levels of a human lung tumor-associated antigen using an improved radioimmunoassay. 684 59

A human lung tumor-associated antigen (LTA) previously purified from a primary lung tumor has been identified in the sera of lung cancer patients. Frequencies of LTA elevations in lung cancer were: adenocarcinoma, 60%; squamous cell carcinoma, 42%; large cell carcinoma, 17%; and small cell carcinoma, 19%; normals, 2%; benign lung disease, 0%; and non-lung malignancies, 13%. The antigen was also shown to be produced by seven of the eight human lung tumor cell lines that were examined. A preliminary small-scale purification was attempted on an extract from one of these lines, ChaGo, which yielded a smaller and more basic form of LTA but which possessed similar, if not identical, antigenic activities as primary tumor LTA.
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PMID:LTA: a human lung tumor-associated antigen common to primary lung tumors and cultured lung tumor cell lines. 688 78

We examined the accuracy of pulmonary cytology in 224 consecutive patients being evaluated for lung cancer. The diagnostic yeild of specimens obtained by various methods, including flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy (FFB), was compared. Among 69 patients with lung cancer, a cytologic diagnosis was made in 87%, including 73% with peripheral tumors. Prebronchoscopy sputa were positive in 50%, bronchial washings in 63%, postbronchoscopy sputa in 82% and bronchial brushings in 59% of the patients. In only one patient was the bronchial brush specimen the only positive cytologic specimen. Normal FFB and small cell undifferentiated cancer were found with increased frequency (P less than 0.05) among the nine patients (13%) with false-negative cytology. Among 155 patients with nonmalignant lung disease, 16 (10%) had false-positive specimens; this finding was significantly related (P less than 0.05) to necrotizing pneumonia in 13 of the 16 patients (81%). The overall diagnostic accuracy of cytology showed 87% sensitivity and 90% specificity, and the predictive value of a positive specimen was 79%. In the absence of necrotizing pneumonia these values exceeded 95%.
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PMID:Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of pulmonary cytology: comparison of techniques used in conjunction with flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy. 693 42

The prevalence of selected cardiorespiratory symptoms was ascertained by a common mail questionnaire for 73,884 men and women in the United States, Great Britain and Norway. The study groups were identified in the early 1960's and included 30,033 British and Norwegian migrants to the United States and 43,851 non-migrants who resided in Great Britain and Norway. The main study objectives were to contrast the morbidity and mortality experience of the migrant and non-migrant groups in the light of known national differences in mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in the early 1960's. At that time, the U.S. had the highest death rates from coronary heart disease while Great Britain had the highest rates for lung cancer and for chronic non-specific lung disease. Norway had the lowest rates for all three rubrics. The prevalence of "angina" and other symptoms was ascertained for each of the study groups. Contrary to expectation, angina was reported much more frequently by persons remaining in Britain and Norway than by migrants to the United States. Mortality rates during the five years and responding to the symptoms questionnaire were determined and mortality patterns were evaluated according to the presence or absence of angina. Angina was found to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. In the absence of angina, it was observed that migrants had similar mortality rates to non-migrants regardless of country of origin. However, the British had higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and from non-cardiovascular causes than the Norwegians. The primary determinant of angina prevalence was found to be migration status. It is believed that this differential was determined primarily by selection of those who migrate, with the migrants to the U.S. being a healthier group than their counterparts remaining in the native country.
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PMID:The British-Norwegian migrant study--analysis of parameters of mortality differentials associated with angina. 709 15

The usefulness of the cytology of postbronchoscopically collected sputum (PBS) samples in the diagnosis of neoplastic lung disease has been studied in 113 cases. The overall diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) alone was 77%, 87% in 77 central tumors and 58% in 36 peripheral ones. With the addition of PBS, the positive results increased to 91% in the 113 cases (p less than 0.01), to 94% n central tumors (p greater than 0.05) and to 83% in peripheral lesions (p less than 0.02). In 15 cases PBS offered the unique positive results. 73 cases with histological confirmation showed a good cytohistological correlation in 82%. Our report suggests that PBS is a useful technique in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Its systematic use does not seem to be justified in central tumors, but it is of great value in peripheral tumors when fluoroscopic control is not available.
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PMID:Cytology of postbronchoscopically collected sputum samples and its diagnostic value. 731 29

A total of 6194 female doctors who in 1951 replied to a questionnaire about their smoking habits were followed up prospectively for 22 years. During that time 1094 died. Ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease were all significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking, though the absolute excess risks were lower than in male doctors smoking equivalent amounts. Female smokers born before the first world war were less likely to describe themselves as inhalers or as having started to smoke while young than were female smokers who were born later. In these respects this younger group resembled male smokers, and as they move into their 60s and 70s their absolute risk of lung disease and relative risk of ischaemic heart disease will probably come to resemble the risks for men smoking the same numbers of cigarettes. These findings show only that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, and heart disease in women as in men. Whether the proportional increase in mortality from these diseases is as great in women as in men might be estimated directly from new case-control studies on men and women born since 1920.
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PMID:Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. 741 64


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