Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In in vitro testing, no pharmacologic synergism has been found for the combination of cisplatin and etoposide in P388 leukemia in contrast to the demonstration of therapeutic synergism in the same model. No pharmacologic synergism has been found for the same combination in the treatment of four small-cell lung-cancer cell lines, although clinical results obtained using this combination in small-cell lung cancer and other cancers suggest a therapeutic advantage. The popular concept of synergy, implying a therapeutic advantage, is different from the pharmacologic meaning, which generally implies that less drug is required in a combination for an equal effect. Therapeutic advantage may be obtained regardless of whether drugs are synergistic in the pharmacologic sense in the treatment of a tumor. To gain a more comprehensive insight into concepts of drug interaction, it is important to recognize that the type of drug interaction seen is dependent on the drug doses used and may vary with the treatment of different cell lines. All of these factors complicate the use of the word synergism, or any associated term, in a categorical manner to describe the effects of combinations of antineoplastic drugs.
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PMID:Relationships between various uses of antineoplastic drug-interaction terms. 133 67

Pseudomonas cepacia is a gram negative rod, having no fermentative activity on glucose. This organism was detected in the sputum, throat swab, or throat washing of 22 inpatients treated between January, 1990, and December, 1990, at the First Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical School. The primary diseases for which these 22 patients were hospitalized were leukemia in 12, malignant lymphoma in 5, lung cancer in 2, myelodysplastic syndrome in 1, and embryonal cell carcinoma in 1. Twelve of the 22 patients had episodes of pneumonia which complied clinically with the diagnostic criteria provided to facilitate the National Nosocomial Infection Study. The complication of pneumonia occurred in 7 patients with leukemia, 2 with malignant lymphoma, 2 with lung cancer, and 1 with myelodysplastic syndrome. In 10 of these 12 patients, the organism was detected before the onset of pneumonia. All 22 patients in whom the organism was demonstrated had received antibiotics. The antibiotics which was most frequently used to treat these patients 1 month before detection of Pseudomonas cepacia were amikacin and ceftizoxime, which were used in 13 patients. Of the antibiotics in which the susceptibility to Pseudomonas cepacia was, evaluated, minocycline was effective in 100% (21/21), ceftazidime in 50% (11/22), and ofloxacin in 27.3% (6/22). Physicians should be especially aware of the possibility of colonization and nosocomial respiratory infection by Pseudomonas cepacia in patients with severe underlying diseases.
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PMID:[Nosocomial respiratory infection caused by Pseudomonas cepacia in immunocompromised hosts]. 138 85

Isometachromin (1), a new sesquiterpene-quinone that is related structurally to metachromin C (2), and the known compounds ilimaquinone (3) and 5-epi-ilimaquinone (4), were isolated from a deep water sponge in the family Spongiidae; the structure of isometachromin was elucidated by spectral methods. Isometachromin exhibits in vitro cytotoxicity against the human lung cancer cell line A549 (IC50 = 2.6 micrograms/ml), but not against P388 murine leukemia (IC 50 > or equal to 10 micrograms/ml) and also exhibits antimicrobial activity.
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PMID:Isometachromin, a new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoid from a deep water sponge of the family Spongiidae. 139 87

We evaluated the occurrence and type of malignant tumors in 148 patients with sarcoidosis followed at the Okayama University Hospital. Nine patients had malignancies; in 2 of 9 patients the development of malignancy preceded that of sarcoidosis, and one patient presented with sarcoidosis and malignancy at the same time. Six patients developed six types of malignancy following the development sarcoidosis; one case each of stomach cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, testicular tumor, laryngeal cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. There was no significant difference between sexes (3 males and 3 females). The mean age of the cancer group at the onset of sarcoidosis was 56 years, which was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the control group. In these 6 patients, the mean interval from onset of sarcoidosis to detection of cancer was 11.7 years (range 1.5 to 30.2 years). The relative risk of malignancy was calculated based on the data for 148 patients with sarcoidosis with a total of 1371 person-years. The expected incidences of cancer for all sites and specific sites were estimated by applying age- and sex-adjusted person-years. The observed incidence of cancer was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than the expected incidence for thyroid cancer, laryngeal cancer, and leukemia. No significant difference in incidence was found for all sites or for the other sites of cancer. The increased cancer incidence in sarcoidosis may be secondary to immunological abnormalities associated with this disease.
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PMID:[Malignancies in patients with sarcoidosis]. 140 74

A study was carried out to analyse trends in cancer mortality sex differentials. This study compared age-standardized sex ratio values for mortality from 18 cancers (or groups of cancers), and total cancer mortality over the period 1950-1989 in 24 European countries, for 4 age groups (all ages, 20-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years and over). For lung cancer and other tobacco-related neoplasms, appreciable rises in sex ratio values were observed until the late 1970s, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe, before levelling off in recent years, particularly among the younger age groups. In the late 1980s, the range of variation in overall age-standardized sex ratios for lung cancer was between 2 and 3 in the United Kingdom and in Nordic countries, and around or over 10 in Southern Europe. In young adults, the decline in sex ratio values observed in Denmark and Sweden (unity), and in other Nordic countries and in the United Kingdom (around or below 2) reflects a levelling of lung cancer in young males and an increase in young females. This clearly indicates that young women are a priority target group for smoking control interventions in Europe. Appreciable cohort effects were also observed for stomach cancer: rises in sex ratio values were greater in, or restricted to, middle- and older age groups, whereas in the young there was some tendency towards a levelling in sex differentials. The overall sex ratio values for stomach cancer were around 2 in most areas of Europe in the late 1980s. For intestinal cancer, sex ratio values showed some tendency to rise, reaching a level of 1.3-1.7 in the late 1980s; steady rises were also registered in sex ratio values for melanoma (skin cancer), reaching 1.5-1.8 in the late 1980s in most countries. These upward trends which were minor or inconsistent at younger ages in several countries became progressively stronger with advancing age. Sex ratio values were below unity for cancers of the gallbladder and the thyroid. Sex ratio values tended to rise also for leukaemia (from 1.2-1.5 to 1.5-1.7), but showed no noticeable trend for lymphomas or myeloma. The overall sex ratio values for total cancer mortality in the 1950s were between 1.2 and 1.4 in most European countries. Thereafter, they rose appreciably in several countries, reaching 1.9 in Czechoslovakia, Italy and Poland, and 2.3 in France.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Trends in cancer mortality sex ratios in Europe, 1950-1989. 141 53

Cancer mortality during 1970-85 of immigrants from East and West Africa and the Caribbean to England and Wales is described. Overall cancer mortality was raised in West African males (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25-1.54), and non-significantly raised in West African females (RR 1.14, 0.96-1.37) compared to mortality in the England and Wales-born population. Much of the increased risk was due to very high rates of liver cancer in males (RR 31.6, 23.8-41.9), but rates were also raised for a wide range of other cancers in each sex. Only lung and brain cancer had significantly decreased mortality. In East Africans, overall cancer mortality was low in males (RR 0.63, 0.56-0.70), and in females (RR 0.80, 0.72-0.89). Mortality was significantly low for cancers of the stomach, pancreas and testis, and Hodgkin's disease in males, for cervical cancer in females, and for lung cancer and melanoma in both sexes. Cancer sites with significantly raised mortality included oropharyngeal cancer, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma in both sexes. In Caribbean immigrants overall cancer rates were significantly low in males (RR 0.71, 0.68-0.74) and in females (RR 0.76, 0.73-0.80). Mortality was significantly low for many cancers including colorectal, lung, testis and brain cancers. Mortality was significantly raised only for cancer of the prostate in males, of the placenta in females, and of the liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in both sexes. Overall, mortality was high from prostatic cancer and liver cancer, and was low from brain cancer, in predominantly ethnic African immigrant groups. Both East and West African immigrants had raised rates of leukaemia. All of the migrant groups had high rates of multiple myeloma and low rates of testicular, ovarian and lung cancer. Genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to these patterns are discussed.
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PMID:Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales. 141 34

Occupational causes of cancer are difficult to establish because of the long latency period and difficulty in identifying occupational linkages. This study provides a regional analysis of cancer incidence and mortality as a method of identifying localizing factors in cancer that can be followed by more specific epidemiologic investigation. In this study we analyze the regional standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for site-specific cancers, by age, sex and continent of birth for the years 1983-86, for the Jewish population of Israel. Elevated total malignant and benign neoplasm SMRs were found in Acre (SMR 109, P < 0.05), Haifa (104, P < 0.05) and Tel Aviv (107, P < 0.001). The only other statistically significantly elevated SMRs were found in Acre for lung cancer (133, P < 0.05) and leukemia (171, P < 0.05). Age and sex-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) by regions are also presented for the years 1980-81 for the Jewish population. Haifa had elevated SIRs for colorectal cancer (126, P < 0.001), breast cancer (118, P < 0.01) and lymphomas (126, P < 0.05). Elevated lung cancer SIRs were found in both Acre (145, P < 0.05) and Ramla (143, P < 0.05). Male to female incidence ratios (MFIRs) for ages 30+ for the Israeli Jewish population are also presented. Elevated bladder cancer MFIRs were found in the heavily industrialized Haifa region (7.69 vs. 4.62 P < 0.05). For Ramla residents, bladder and oronasopharyngeal cancer MFIRs were approximately three times the national average (not statistically significant). Ramla also had elevated MFIRs for lung cancer (14.9 vs. 3.4 nationally, P < 0.01), as did Acre (7.6 vs. 3.4 nationally, P = 0.06). These elevated MFIRs are suggestive of occupational exposure from the cement and asbestos factories in the Ramla and Acre regions. Regional analyses of cancer mortality and cancer incidence (using SMRs, SIRs and MFIRs) can serve as a basic tool for identifying sentinel markers of excess rates. Our findings indicate regions where we should undertake case-referent studies in order to identify potential risk factors and where to target possible preventive programs.
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PMID:Regional differences in cancer incidence and mortality in Israel: possible leads to occupational causes. 142 7

An extensive body of epidemiologic data has linked cigarette smoking to a wide variety of neoplastic diseases. Smokers have been found to incur an increased relative risk of mortality from cancer of the lung, head and neck, urinary tract, pancreas, and bladder. Recent work has also implicated smoking in the risk of leukemia and myeloma. The magnitude of these risks has prompted research aimed at identifying the carcinogens involved in specific smoking-related neoplasms, as well as potential genetic predispositions to the effects of these toxins. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes have been identified in both small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer, and mutations in dominant oncogenes have been noted in the latter disease. A growing understanding of the molecular genetics of smoking-related cancers may translate into improved diagnosis and treatment. Detection of mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in premalignant tissues might facilitate identification of individuals who have a hereditary predisposition to smoking-related carcinomas. In the future, tumor growth may be halted by replacement or substitution of mutated tumor suppressor gene functions or biochemical modulation of oncogene products. New forms of immunotherapy may also be targeted specifically toward mutant oncogenes in cancer cells.
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PMID:Smoking and cancer. 149 98

Death rates are traditional public health measures used to assess the health status of a population. Several types of cancer are examined in this report, and the indicator for years of potential life lost is used to estimate the number of years of life lost per disease type in Texas during the years from 1981 through 1988. For both males and females, the resulting ranking of cancer types was quite different from those obtained with death rates. Among males, testicular cancer and Hodgkin's disease ranked first and second for years of potential life lost while lung cancer and colorectal cancer ranked first and second for deaths. Most men who die with testicular cancer are young, with each death representing an average of 42 years of life lost. Among females, each death from four cancer types--leukemia, brain, cervix uteri, and malignant melanoma skin--results in more than 20 years of lost life.
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PMID:Years of potential life lost: an evaluation of premature cancer deaths in Texas from 1981 through 1988. 155 6

In this study, the intensity of exposure to asbestos was evaluated in the residents of Kure City, the site of the Japanese naval shipyard, Kure. The number of asbestos bodies was counted in 728 autopsied cases from those treated surgically in Kure Kyosai Hospital. Five grams of lung tissue was lysed, and the number of asbestos bodies was counted with the use of light microscopic examination. By this method, the number of asbestos bodies detected in men was significantly higher than that in women. There was a peak between 60 and 70 years of age. The number of asbestos bodies in exposed cadavers in Kure City exceeded greatly that found in other districts of Japan. By this criterion, 58 of 109 patients with lung cancer had asbestos exposure, and 39 had a high exposure to asbestos. All 13 patients with malignant mesothelioma had a high exposure to asbestos. Excess asbestos exposure also was found in a large proportion of patients with gastric cancer, colon cancer, and acute leukemia. The crocidolite type of asbestos was detected frequently in patients of malignant mesothelioma or leukemia, and the chrysotile form was found in those with lung cancer.
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PMID:Intensity of exposure to asbestos in metropolitan Kure City as estimated by autopsied cases. 156 84


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