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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lung cancer is the most lethal cancer in the United States, with 143,000 deaths predicted for 1991. The cure rate is extremely low (approximately 13%), in part because the propensity for early spread precludes surgical cure in most patients. Thus, chemotherapy or other systemic therapies are the only way to improve the dismal results. Cisplatin is an active agent in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and perhaps the most active agent in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The toxicities and inconvenience of cisplatin make it less than ideal for lung cancer therapy. Carboplatin was developed to provide a less toxic, more convenient alternative to cisplatin. The data presented in this review suggest that carboplatin may be substituted for cisplatin in the treatment of extensive-stage SCLC. In limited-stage SCLC, there are insufficient data to determine whether it should replace cisplatin when used simultaneously with chest irradiation and etoposide. It may be substituted for cisplatin in cycles not using irradiation. In NSCLC, carboplatin may be used alone or with etoposide for the palliative management of metastatic disease. Its role in earlier stages of NSCLC needs investigation.
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PMID:Clinical experiences with carboplatin (paraplatin) in lung cancer. 132 16

Chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unsatisfactory, and the search for new active drugs has been relatively unsuccessful. Most polychemotherapy regimens in NSCLC include cisplatin with a vinca alkaloid or etoposide. Among the new agents tested in recent years, teniposide produced a 17% response rate in 42 evaluable patients, with a 21% response rate in untreated patients. The Lung Cancer Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer has started a randomized trial comparing two different schedules of teniposide administration with and without cisplatin. This paper reports the preliminary findings for the initial 80 patients in this randomized study.
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PMID:The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer experience with teniposide: preliminary results of a randomized study in non-small cell lung cancer. 132 31

The relation between tumor characteristics, irradiation technique, local tumor control and survival was retrospectively studied in 323 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who started radical radiotherapy in 1974-1981. At that time three non-randomized different fractionation schedules were used: 16 x 3.25 Gy, total dose 52 Gy, 3 fractions/week (schedule 1), 11 x 4 Gy, total dose 44 Gy, 2 fractions/week (schedule 2) and 25 x 2 Gy, total dose 50 Gy, 5 fractions/week (schedule 3). The highest survival rates were observed in the patient group treated according to schedule 2. The 2-year survival rate was 30% compared with 18% and 6% in the patients treated according to schedule 1 and 3 respectively. However, this can at least partly be explained by patient selection. A correlation between size of the tumor, target volume and survival was observed: the larger the tumor, the poorer the survival. Pleural effusion showed to be an unfavorable prognostic factor. The prognosis of inoperable lung cancer on the whole remained poor: the 1-year survival rate was 43% and 2-year survival rate 16%. Only 3% of the patients lived at least five years.
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PMID:Radical radiotherapy of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Irradiation techniques and tumor characteristics in relation to local control and survival. 132 72

Gene therapy may serve as a valuable therapeutic modality for malignancies, such as lung cancer, that are poorly responsive to conventional therapies. Although many methods for transducing new genes into cells have been described, little is known about gene transduction into lung cancer, especially under conditions that might be encountered in clinical use. As a first step in addressing this important issue, the study presented here examined the ability of a recombinant retrovirus to add a selectable marker gene to the A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line under a variety of conditions. Examination of viral exposure times ranging from 30 sec to 4 hr revealed that the number of infected cells increased with every increment in time. By increasing the multiplicity of infection to 1.0 and including a polycation, Polybrene, as an infection facilitator, 0.8% of the NSCLC cells were infected with only a 30-sec viral exposure. Nebulization, a potentially attractive route of administration for pulmonary malignancies, had no significant effect on viral titer, proviral structure, or proviral transcripts. A single lyophilization did reduce viral titer by 58 +/- 6%, but did not affect the proviral structure or transcripts produced by the surviving viruses. These results suggest that recombinant retroviruses have the potential to add new genes to malignancies accessible by the airways under conditions likely required for clinical use.
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PMID:Quantitative evaluation of retroviral gene transduction efficiency in human lung cancer cells. 132 92

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor marker for lung cancers of small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell (NSCLC) types, belongs in a multigene family which includes non-specific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and biliary glycoprotein 1 (BGP). We used specific cDNA probes and a CEA immunoassay to determine the pattern of expression in normal and malignant lung and gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. Normal lung contained high amounts of NCA and a low concentration of CEA. All 3 genes were expressed discordantly in lung tumors and cell lines. In contrast, all three genes were expressed in most G1 tumor cell lines. In both lung and colorectal cell lines expression of NCA RNA was relatively high, while BGP RNA was relatively low, and the median concentrations of CEA were greater than in corresponding non-malignant tissues. While CEA protein concentrations in lung cell lines were similar to those present in G1 cell lines, the ratio of NCA:CEA RNA was significantly higher in lung cancer lines than in colorectal lines. Thus, NCA constitutes most of the "CEA-like" immunoreactivity previously described in lung cancers. There was excellent concordance between expression of CEA RNA and CEA protein, as well as between concentrations of CEA protein in cell line pellets and supernatant fluids. Of interest, significantly higher rates of CEA expression were present in lung cancers expressing neuroendocrine (NE) markers. The association between CEA expression and NE cell properties is intriguing and may prove to be of clinical interest.
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PMID:Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and related genes in lung and gastrointestinal cancers. 133 Sep 29

Doxorubicin is one of the most potent drugs for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but less potent for non-small eell lung cancer (NSCLC). The prevalent use of doxorubicin is limited by the development of cardiomyopathy. Therefore, TUT-7 SM-5887, and ME2303 have been under the clinical studies to find new anthracyclines with less cardiotoxicity and higher therapeutic indices not only for SCLC but also for NSCLC. The dose-limiting factor of these drugs determined in phase I studies was leukocytopenia. Phase II studies which are currently under way have indicated that SM-5887 is possibly most potent for the treatment of NSCLC, and that these drugs have less cardiotoxicity compared to the mother compound, doxorubicin.
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PMID:[New anthracycline analogues in the treatment of lung cancer]. 133 24

Twenty-five patients with primary non-small cell lung cancer underwent the positron emission tomography (PET) using 11C-methionine to detect the mediastinal lymph node metastasis. We introduced the positron angiography to recognize precisely the anatomical orientation of the mediastinal lymph nodes. The 11C-uptake of the lymph node was expressed with distribution absorption ratio (DAR). A total 107 lymph nodes were examined. The average DAR in metastatic lymph nodes (n = 28) was 3.89 while that of non-metastatic nodes (n = 79) was 2.38 indicating a significant difference (p < 0.001). The most adequate threshold for detection of metastasis was 3.3 with sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 87.3% and overall accuracy of 89.7%. Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed more accurately than that of adenocarcinoma. Thus, PET using 11C-methionine may offer a new method to detect the mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer.
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PMID:[Detection of mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer with positron emission tomography (PET) using 11C-methionine]. 133 90

The expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) was assessed by immunohistochemical staining in 52 human lung tumor samples. All of the 8 small cell lung cancers were negative whereas all of the 18 adenocarcinomas and 23 of the 26 squamous cell carcinomas showed positive immunoreaction to TGF alpha. Distribution of TGF alpha stainings in the squamous cell carcinomas was weaker and more heterogeneous as compared to the adenocarcinomas. Ultrastructural localization of TGF alpha in the squamous cell lung carcinomas by indirect immunogold staining revealed that TGF alpha is present in the cytoplasm as well as the cell membrane but not in the nucleus. This suggests that the lung cancer cells are not only the producer of TGF alpha, but also the target cells of the TGF alpha action. The expression of TGF alpha in lung tumors may be useful diagnostically in differentiating small cell lung cancer from non-small cell lung cancer and may also be important in the study of the biological properties of primary lung cancers.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of transforming growth factor-alpha in human lung cancers. 133 97

Twenty patients with stage IIIA-IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer were treated with cisplatin, epirubicin and VP-16 (PEV) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CDDP, 70 mg/m2, i.v., d 1; EDX, 60 mg/m2, i.v., d 1; VP-16, 100 mg/m2, i.v., d 1-2-3; every 3 weeks). A partial response was obtained in 11 cases (55%), stable disease in 3 cases (15%), and progressive disease in 6 cases (30%). After chemotherapy, 8 (40%) patients, all achieving a partial response, were elegible for surgery: 5 (25%) had a complete resection (4 IIIA and 1 IIIB) and 3 (15%) an incomplete resection. The treatment was well tolerated. These data show that PEV is an active regimen for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC and recommend this therapeutic approach for stage IIIA patients.
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PMID:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, epirubicin and VP-16 for stage IIIA-IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a pilot study. 133 3

Using single-strand conformation polymorphism we have found two polymorphic sites, AAC to AAT at codon 511 (exon 12) and GCT to GCG at codon 708 (exon 15), in the MCC gene. These sites and an RsaI polymorphic site in APC allowed us to study 23 human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 7 non-small cell lung cancer samples for allele loss. Of the 23 SCLC samples, 21 (91%) were informative for one or more of these markers, and we found allele loss in more than 80% (17 of 21). In non-small cell lung cancer samples, 5 of 7 (71%) were informative, and reduction or loss of one allele was found in 2 of 5 (40%). Seven cases were informative for both genes, loss of heterozygosity occurred for both genes in five, one retained heterozygosity for both, and one SCLC had loss of heterozygosity for APC but not for MCC. We conclude that loss of heterozygosity occurs frequently for MCC and APC in lung cancer of all histological types and is very frequent in SCLC. This suggests the presence of tumor suppressor gene(s) in the MCC/APC region of 5q21 involved in human lung cancer.
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PMID:Polymorphic sites within the MCC and APC loci reveal very frequent loss of heterozygosity in human small cell lung cancer. 134 17


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