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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Members of the Thoracic Society of Australia have determined that passive smoking presents a significant threat to the health of nonsmokers. Passive smoke exposure is associated with an increased frequency of asthma attacks, a possible increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, an increased rate of respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age, an increased rate of diseases of the lower respiratory tract in children less than 1 year of age, acute irritant effects in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in adults, an increased risk of lung cancer, and a possible increased risk of death from coronary heart disease. Passive smoking in utero has been well established to increase the fetus's risk of retarded fetal growth and reduced birth weight, premature delivery, and fetal or neonatal death. Thus, physicians are urged to take action to protect nonsmokers from this exposure. All persons who smoke should not expose nonsmokers, especially pregnant women and infants, to their cigarette smoke. Pediatricians should obtain a history of parental smoking and encourage smoking parents to restrict smoking in the home so that children are not exposed to its effects. In addition, doctors should encourage nonsmoking patients to assert their rights to smoke-free air when they frequent public places.
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PMID:Passive smoking and health. 333 95

A total of 3392 professional drivers in London were followed up in a prospective mortality study. There were significantly fewer deaths than expected from all causes (SMR 91, p less than 0.05), circulatory disease (SMR 75, p less than 0.05), and accidents (SMR 61, p less than 0.05). Lorry drivers showed excess deaths from stomach cancer (SMR 141, p less than 0.05), lung cancer (SMR 159, p less than 0.05), bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma (SMR 143, p less than 0.05), a pattern not evident among taxi drivers. Mortality from bladder cancers, leukaemia, and other lymphatic cancers were raised in taxi drivers, though the results did not achieve statistical significance. The importance of the findings is discussed.
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PMID:Professional drivers in London: a mortality study. 339 84

Current topics for occupational and environmental medicine and physiology in the U.S.A., especially in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the University of California, San Francisco, are reviewed. Reduction of the rate for occupational lung diseases is one of the national objectives for occupational safety and health in the U.S.A., and NIOSH has rated it as the top disease of ten-leading work-related diseases and injuries. Current topics for occupational lung diseases--asbestosis, byssinosis, silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, lung cancer, and occupational asthma & hyperreactivity, and for pathophysiology of airway hyperreactiveness and pulmonary edema are discussed.
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PMID:[Current topics for occupational and environmental medicine and physiology in the U.S.A.--with special reference to occupational lung diseases]. 352 79

It has been established that the pyrogallol autoxidation method for the estimation of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) is superior in precision and sensitivity to a superoxide-generating method (NADH/phenazine methosulfate linked to nitroblue tetrazolium reduction). Reference intervals were established in an urban population in the Far East for SOD activity in erythrocytes using the pyrogallol method, and for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (EC 1.11.1.9) activity in erythrocytes using a standard glutathione reductase-linked method. On this basis, erythrocyte SOD activities were significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed in cases of visceral cancer, acute myocardial infarct, congestive heart failure, respiratory failure, chronic renal failure, and diabetes mellitus, but within the reference interval in cases of lung cancer and asthma. Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity was significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed in cases of diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure but elevated in respiratory failure and asthma. GSH-Px and SOD activities were well correlated in patients but not in the reference population.
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes as indices of oxygen loading in disease: a survey of one hundred cases. 366

Lung cancer risk associated with family and personal history of respiratory diseases was assessed in a population-based, case-control study that included incident cases in New Mexico, 1980 to 1982. The study questionnaire ascertained previous diagnoses of major chronic respiratory diseases in the index subjects, their parents, and their grandparents and of lung and other respiratory cancers in the parents and grandparents. Physician diagnoses of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other chest illnesses were reported significantly more often for cases than for control subjects. For 6.9% of the cases, at least 1 parent had a diagnosis of lung cancer, whereas only 2.2% of the control subjects' parents were similarly affected (p less than 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models that excluded never smokers and included variables to control for the effects of cigarette smoking, we found significantly increased risks for a personal history of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.8) and a parental history of lung cancer (odds ratio = 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 12.8). The present study complements the results of previous investigations, which demonstrated that lung cancer risk in smokers is modified by characteristics of the smoker and by family history.
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PMID:Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk. 375 3

A cohort of 3971 white miners in South Africa, born between 1 January 1916 and 31 December 1930 who were alive on 1 January 1970 and currently working in the East Rand-Central Rand-West Rand mining areas, was followed up for nine years, when the 3426 survivors were aged from 48 to 62. Fifteen (0.4%) had been lost to view and 530 had died (13.4% of the 3956 whose vital status was determined). Based on the occupational histories of a 30% sample of the cohort it was known that the vast majority were gold miners. An estimated 93% had worked more than 85% of their mining service in gold mines. Standardised mortality ratios were calculated as the ratios of the deaths observed in the cohort to those expected on the basis of concurrent mortality in the reference population--the total white male population in the Republic of South Africa. There was little sign of a "healthy worker effect"; of several possible reasons, one is that the white miner in South Africa had adopted certain unhealthy life styles, another is that the reference population was otherwise inappropriate. The SMR for all causes of death (117.6) was raised because of excess mortality due to the following causes: lung cancer (161.2), chronic respiratory diseases (165.6), and acute and chronic nephritis (381.0). A case-referent analysis was carried out on those miners in the cohort who had spent at least 85% of their service in gold mines. For lung cancer, smoking was the main contributory factor towards disease. For chronic respiratory diseases bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, pneumoconiosis, and pulmonary heart disease), smoking was also the main risk factor, but there was an association wih cumulative dust exposure. Raised blood pressure, smoking, and adiposity were associated with ischaemic heart disease as was the duration of service underground. Study of comprehensive medical histories in all 530 deaths, including necropsy in most cases, showed that none was directly due to pneumoconiosis or to tuberculosis.
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PMID:Mortality of middle aged white South African gold miners. 377 38

The mortality and incidence of cancer was studied among 8,734 workers from two Swedish rubber manufacturing companies. Mortality was investigated from 1952 to 1981 and cancer incidence from 1959 to 1980. The expected numbers of deaths were calculated from national statistics. No significant risk excesses were detected when the cohort was analyzed without consideration of employment time or latency period. However, the mortality from coronary heart disease and the incidence of lung cancer were increased when the study period was limited to greater than or equal 40 years since first employment. The standardized mortality ratio for coronary heart disease correlated positively with employment duration. The mortality from asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema was nonsignificantly increased. The incidence of bladder cancer was increased among individuals with heavy and long-term exposure in the weighing and mixing departments. Twenty-five percent of the individuals in the cohort were not Swedish citizens at the time of employment, and an analysis of the mortality and cancer incidence in this group showed a markedly increased lung cancer incidence for certain immigrant groups, probably mainly due to ethnic factors. The results indicate that ethnic factors must be considered in the analysis of occupational groups when a high proportion of the workers are immigrants.
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PMID:Mortality and incidence of cancer among Swedish rubber workers, 1952-1981. 382 2

Ceftizoxime (CZX), a parenteral cephalosporin derivative belonging to the so-called third generation cephalosporin is reported to have a broad antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobes, such as Bacteroides fragilis and a good stability to beta-lactamases. Clinical study was performed on a total of 20 cases, 9 females (1 case had urinary tract infection 3 times) and 11 males, aged from 27 to 82 years. All patients had the underlying diseases. They were bronchial asthma in 3 cases, influenza in 1, chronic pulmonary emphysema in 1, pulmonary fibrosis in 1, chronic bronchitis with strongyloidiasis in 1, lung cancer in 3, esophagus cancer in 2, stomach cancer in 1, hepatoma with urolithiasis in 1, liver cirrhosis with diabetes mellitus in 1, alcoholism with strongyloidiasis in 1, cholelithiasis in 1 and congestive heart failure in 1, respectively. Clinical diagnoses for infections were 2-acute bronchitis, 2-exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 2-broncho-pneumonia, 2-pneumonia including one suspected case, 1-obstructive pneumonia, 2-secondary pulmonary infection, 1-pulmonary infection, 3-urinary tract infection (UTI), 1-UTI with sepsis, 1-sepsis, 1-sepsis with purulent meningitis, 1-biliary tract infection and 1-infected bronchoesophageal fistula. CZX was given by intravenous drip infusion, at a dose of 1 to 2 g, twice daily for 3 to 15 days. Because of severity in infections and underlying diseases, some cases were treated either steroid, gamma-globulin preparations or other antibiotics in combination with CZX. Twelve out of 15 cases assessed clinically responded satisfactorily to the treatment and efficacy rate was 80.0%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Effectiveness of ceftizoxime on various infections in patients with underlying diseases]. 609 Jul 23

A study was conducted to assess how lung cancer and other mortality trends among California physicians had been influenced by the high proportion who had given up smoking since 1950. Several sample surveys indicated that the proportion of California physicians who currently smoked cigarettes had declined dramatically from about 53% in 1950 to about 10% in 1980. During the same period the proportion of other American men who smoked cigarettes had declined only modestly, from about 53% to 38%. Using the 1950 American Medical Directory a cohort of 10 130 California male physicians was established and followed up for mortality till the end of 1979, during which time 5090 died. The information from follow up and death certification was exceptionally good. The standardised mortality ratio for lung cancer among California male physicians relative to American white men declined from 62 in 1950-9 to 30 in 1970-9. The corresponding decline in standardised mortality ratio was from 100 to 63 for other smoking related cancer, from 106 to 71 for ischaemic heart disease, and from 62 to 35 for bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. The standardised mortality ratio remained relatively constant for other causes of death not strongly related to smoking. The overall ratio declined in all age groups at a rate of about 1% a year. The total death rate among all physicians converged towards the rate among non-smoking physicians. By the end of the study period physicians had a cancer rate and total death rate similar to or less than those among typical United States non-smokers. This "natural experiment" shows that lung cancer became relatively less common on substantial elimination of the primary causal factor, cigarette smoking. Other smoking related diseases also became relatively less common, though factors other than cigarette smoking may have contributed to this change.
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PMID:Trends in mortality among California physicians after giving up smoking: 1950-79. 640 42

In a study in 29 health centre districts in Japan 91 540 non-smoking wives aged 40 and above were followed up for 14 years (1966-79), and standardised mortality rates for lung cancer were assessed according to the smoking habits of their husbands. Wives of heavy smokers were found to have a higher risk of developing lung cancer and a dose-response relation was observed. The relation between the husband's smoking and the wife's risk of developing lung cancer showed a similar pattern when analysed by age and occupation of the husband. The risk was particularly great in agricultural families when the husbands were aged 40-59 at enrolment. The husbands' smoking habit did not affect their wives' risk of dying from other disease such as stomach cancer, cervical cancer, and ischaemic heart disease. The risk of developing emphysema and asthma seemed to be higher in non-smoking wives of heavy smokers but the effect was not statistically significant. The husband's drinking habit seemed to have no effect on any causes of death in their wives, including lung cancer. These results indicate the possible importance of passive or indirect smoking as one of the causal factors of lung cancer. They also appear to explain the long-standing riddle of why many women develop lung cancer although they themselves are non-smokers. These results also cast doubt on the practice of assessing the relative risk of developing lung cancer in smokers by comparing them with non-smokers.
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PMID:Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan. 677 40


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