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Query: UMLS:C0242379 (lung cancer)
 71,905 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two types of assay systems to measure the effect of radiation on immune competence are described. The first, transformation, is measured by blast formation or uptake and incorporation of tritiated thymidine by lumphocytes. This measure is affected by a number of known cell responses to radiation such as division delay and delay in DNA synthesis. The second, called Bactec, is designed to measure lymphocyte metabolic acitivty. Data gathered on 37 patients with lung cancer show that the Bactec system provides a better index of the patient's immune status before and after radiation therapy.
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PMID:Transformation delay of lymphocytes in patients undergoing radiation therapy. 18 17

BCNU, CCNU, and methyl-CCNU have undergone extensive trial in multiple drug combinations for bronchogenic carcinoma. The addition of a nitrosourea appears to be an improvement over cyclophosphamide used alone in oat cell carcinoma and over the two drug combination of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in both adenocarcinoma of the lung and oat cell disease. Encouraging response rates have been seen in squamous lung cancer with multiple-drug combinations of a nitrosourea, an alkylating agent, vincristine, and bleomycin with or without adriamycin. The nitrosoureas have been easily incorporated, at reduced doses, into multiple-drug regimens with cumulative myelosuppression seen only when the interval between nitrosourea doses is less than 6 weeks. Conclusions about the ultimate role of these compounds in lunb cancer treatment must await (a) comparative trials of combinations with and without a nitrosourea, and (b) further exploration of new approaches to increase their therapeutic index.
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PMID:Nitrosourea combinations in lung cancer. 18 65

Detailed studies of immune reactivity were performed in 154 patients with primary lung cancer, 20 patients with benign thoracic lesions, and 109 healthy persons. Reactions to the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test were postive in 73 per cent of patients with lung cancer and all (100 per cent) of the patients with benign disease (p less than 0.05). The incidence of DNCB reactions was 78 per cent for Stage I and II cancers (37 patinets), 73 per cent for resectable Stage III cancer (22 patients), and 66 per cent in patients with unresectable or inoperable Stage III cancer. DNCB reactivity showed a relationship to primary histology. The incidence of DNCB positive reactions was 80 per cent in patients with epidermold carcinoma versus 57 per cent in patients with adenocarcinoma, 64 per cent in patients with oat cell cancer, and 80 per cent in patients with terminal bronchiolar carcinoma. In vitro immune studeis correlated best with stage of disease. These included the absolute lymphocyte count and absolute T cell count and lymphoxyte stimulation witalen A (Com A). These values were in the normal range in patients with Stage I cancer but were significantly depressed in patients with Stage III cancer. Svrvival curves were plotted in patients with Stage III disease according to the responses to three immune parameters: DNCB, absolute lymphocyte count, and PHS stimulation. Although patients with normal reactions generally had better survival rates, PHA responses showed the most significant correlation to survival. These tests support the usefulness of immune testing as an additional parameter of assessing biological risk in patients with primary lung cancer.
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PMID:Immune reactivity in primary carcinoma of the lung and its relation to prognosis. 18 63

In order to estimate the possibility of a cytologic differential diagnosis of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma and bronchogenic adenocarcinoma, 121 histologically proven cases of these two types of lung cancer were studied. Certain features of the tumor cells were used as differential diagnostic parameters. By means of these features it was possible to correctly type 90% of the bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas and 72% of the bronchogenic adenocarcinomas. The most striking characteristics of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma was the uniformity of cells, the occurrence of such cells in tightly packed clusters, the absence of prominent nucleoli and also the scarcity of single tumor cells. Thus, it seems possible to make a correct cytologic differential diagnosis between these two types of lung tumors with high accuracy.
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PMID:Cytologic differential diagnosis of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma and bronchogenic adenocarcinoma. 18 34

One hundred and seven patients with carcinoma of the lung underwent immunologic testing, and 62 of these patients were randomized to an immunotherapy protocol comparing the effects of Pasteur strain BCG, either alone or combined with allogeneic tumor cells, to the effects of no immunotherapy. Patients with residual disease left at the time of surgery or with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis showed no increase in survival as a result of this form of immunotherapy. An insufficient number of patients with less advanced disease, in whom we would expect the most beneficial effect, have been entered in this study. In general, we were unable to document substantial effects of immunotherapy on the immunologic parameters tested. Only in recall antigen skin testing was there a statistically significant increase in reactivity in the immunotherapy groups. Tests of general immune status appeared to have a predictive value in monitoring lung cancer patients. Anergic patients had a poorer prognosis than did patients who demonstrated skin test reactivity. Patients with normal percentages of lymphocytes (T cells) forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 29 degrees C were generally normal in other tests of immune competence. In serial studies of rosette formation, all patients who developed recurrent disease had a pattern of depressed or falling rosette values, and these abnormalities occurred an average of 3.1 months prior to clinical detection of recurrence. Patients with large-cell anaplastic carcinoma were found to have a significantly higher incidence of depressed rosette levels than the other histologic types. Both large and small-cell anaplastic patients had significantly depressed lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens and allogeneic cells. Although lung cancer patients have been described as immunologically depressed, they are capable of recognizing tumor-associated antigens. When tested in leukocyte migration inhibition assays with tumor-associated antigens, the majority of the patients in our study were found to be reactive. The use of a 3 M KCl extract of pleural effusion cells from a patient with pulmonary adenocarcinoma has given good reactivity and specificity in lung cancer patients of all histologic types. In addition, these patients have been shown to respond in a mixed lymphocyte/tumor interaction to tumor-associated antigens (Dean, 1976b).
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PMID:Immunological monitoring and immunotherapy in carcinoma of the lung. 18 17

The examination of over 150 human subjects failed to reveal any differences in the basal excretion of CAMP between breast cancer and lung cancer patients and the corresponding control. But breast cancer patients show certain disorders in the diurnal rhythm of CAMP production and also in the response of CAMP to euphylline, especially insulin. Moreover, a peculiar impairment of the coordination was noted between the state of fat-carbohydrate metabolism and the character of SAMP excretion in breast and lung cancer. The authors stress the necessity to study not only CAMP basal production in oncological patients but also its synthesis against the background of different functional stimuli and in measures aimed at the correction of disorders in fat-carbohydrate metabolism.
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PMID:[Excretion of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in breast and lung cancer]. 18 54

Four hundred and seventy nine primary lung cancers were typed according to the WHO histological classification. The character of the material and the methods of investigation are described. All patients had been subjected to mediastinoscopy and 313 patients had been operated upon. Nearly half of the tumours (48 per cent) was epidermoid carcinomas. Small cell anaplastic carcinoma occurred in 25 per cent and around two thirds of these were of oat cell type. Adenocarcinoma was found in 22 per cent and the acinar type predominated. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma occurred in 1 per cent and large cell carcinoma in 3 per cent. Typing of biopsy specimens was made in 289 cases in which a positive biopsy had been obtained during the pretreatment period. The result of the biopsy typing was checked against that of the final one. In the total group the preoperative histological diagnosis tallied with the final one in 88 per cent. In patients who had been subjected to surgery the pretreatment diagnosis of the epidermoid carcinoma was correct in 86 per cent, that of small cell anaplastic carcinoma in 92 per cent and that of adenocarcinoma in 100 per cent. The consistency was also high in the category of patients not subjected to surgery. Despite their critical attitude towards the delimitation of epidermoid carcinoma in the WHO-classification the present authors find it to be a reliable guide to routine typing of lung cancer.
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PMID:Histological typing of lung cancer. Application of the World Health Organization classification to 479 cases. 18 6

A controlled clinical trial comparing two-drug and three-drug combination chemotherapy was performed in 206 patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma, comprised of 26.2% with epidermoid carcinoma, 30.1% with small cell anaplastic carcinoma, 27.2% with adenocarcinoma, and 15.6% with large cell carcinoma. Each drug combination consisted of agents with different modes of action and included a cell-cycle-stage nonsensitive and a cell-cycle-state-sensitive agent. The overall response rate was highest for small cell carcinoma (48.2%) and adenocarcinoma (23.6%); it was less than 10% in epidermoid and large cell carcinoma. Similarly, the overall median survival was twice as long for the first two cell types (7 months) as compared with that recorded for the other two cell types (3 1/2 months). The combination of 1 (2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate was shown to be statistically superior to cyclophosphamide and methotrexate with regard to objective respones rate, duration of response, and median survival for adenocarcinoma. Responders lived significantly longer than nonresponders (254 versus 90 days for small cell anaplastic carcinoma patients and 244 versus 184 days for adenocarcinoma patients). No difference in survival or objective response rate was observed between the different treatments for the other two cell types of lung cancer.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy of advanced lung cancer: a randomized trial. 18 12

Twenty-eight patients with lung cancer, 26 with extensive disease, were treated with the drugs Cytoxan (Cyt) and methotrexate (MTX). The schedule was based on cellular kinetics concepts. Initial therapy was with Cyt 1.1 g/m2 (intravenously) followed by MTX 20 mg/m2 orally, twice weekly, started 9 days later, when the tumor was considered to be most susceptible to an S-phase-specific drug. The course was repeated at three-week intervals. Based on dose response curves, Cyt and MTX dose modifications were individually adjusted to the whit blood cell counts and platelet counts over a 3-week period. Twenty of 28 patients (five of seven large cell, five of eight adenocarcinoma, 10 or 11 small cell, none of two epidermoid) responded with greater than or equal 50% tumor reduction. Ten patients had complete responses, seven of whom had small cell carcinoma. Two of the nonresponders were nonevaluable. Five patients were alive and the extimated median survival time of the patients is almost 1 year, which compares quite favorably to previous reports. On this schedule of therapy, very high doses of Cyt and MTX were maintained with less than 3% incidence per course of a WBC less than 1,500/mm3 or a platelet count less than 50,000/mm3.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy in advanced lung cancer with increased survival. 18 14

The local immune response to lung cancer was investigated by histologic and immunologic means. Distinctive patterns of stromal cellular reaction, characteristic for different histologic types of lung carcinoma, were recognized. The amount of cellular infiltration was highest in squamous cell carcinomas and lowest or nonexistent in oat cell carcinomas. Within the various histologic categories the well-differentiated tumors appeared to be accompanied by more reactive cells than the poorly differentiated ones; there was no relation between tumor necrosis and cellular infiltration. The plasma cells were distinctly associated with squamous cell carcinomas; their number in the stroma was proportionate to the degree of differentiation and the presence of keratin produced by the tumors. Eluates with a high content of immunoglobulins were recovered from pleural effusions and from solid lung carcinomas by dissociation of antigen-antibody complexes. These preparations reacted positively in indirect immunofluorescence tests with tissue cultures and with fresh suspensions of lung carcinoma cells, but not with tissue culture cells of most nonpulmonary tumors or with cell suspensions of normal adult and fetal lung. Similarly prepared fractions of noncarcinomatous pleural effusions did not react with lung cancer cells.
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PMID:The immune response at the tumor site in lung carcinoma. 18 16


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